高原地区机场自然环境谱编制研究

目的 编制高原地区机场自然环境谱。方法 通过分析装备典型失效案例,结合高原地区环境特征,得出高原地区影响飞机日历寿命的主要气象环境因素和化学环境因素,并进行为期1 a的实时监测和数据采集,最终编制机场自然环境谱。结果 高原地区两地机场气温较低(10.4℃),且昼夜温差大(28.2℃),低相对湿度低(61%),气压低(654hPa),太阳辐射强(8689.5MJ/m²),空气中沙尘较少,降水非常少,且雨水pH值接近中性,温度、太阳辐射、降雨等一般夏季较高、冬春季较低。同时,编制了高原两地机场的温度谱、湿度谱、温度–相对湿度谱、降水谱和综合环境谱等。结论 量化了高原地区机场的外场环境,对指导装备的高原环境适应性考核验证和腐蚀防护设计具有重要意义。     

灾体模型的拓展及其在主要气象灾害损失年景评价中的应用

该文拓展了面向气象灾害损失评价的灾体模型,使得其适用性增强.基于新模型,对2003-2018年我国主要气象灾害损失及总损失年景进行了评价分析,结果显示,存在极端偏重灾害损失年景的有暴雨洪涝(2003、2010年)、台风(2005、2006年)、低温冷冻害和雪灾(2005、2008年),另外各气象灾害偏重及以上的年景主要...     

Aerosol characteristics and surface radiative forcing components during a dust outbreak in Gwangju, Republic of Korea

Atmospheric surface aerosol radiative forcing (SARF) ΔF, forcing efficiency ΔF_e and fractional forcing efficiency ΔFF_e evaluated from cloud-screened narrowband spectral and thermal-offset-corrected radiometric observations during the Asia dust outbreak episodes in Gwangju, Republic of Korea are reported in this study. Columnar aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth (AOD), τ _aλ, Angstrom exponent α, mass concentration of fine and coarse mode particles) were also reported for the station between January 2000 and May 2001 consisting of 211cloud-free days. Results indicate that majority of the AOD were within the range 0.25–0.45 while some high aerosol events in which AODs ≥ 0.6 were observed during the severe dust episodes. For example, AOD increases from annual average value of 0.34 ± 0.13 at 501 nm to values >0.60 during the major dust events of March 27–30 and April 7–9, 2000, respectively. The α _{501–870 nm} which is often used as a qualitative indicator of aerosol particle size had values ranging from 0.01 to 1.77. The diurnal forcing efficiency ΔDF_e at Gwangju was estimated to be −81.10 ± 5.14 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} and −47.09 ± 2.20 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} for the total solar broadband and visible band pass, respectively while the fractional diurnal forcing efficiency ΔFDF_e were −15.8 ± 0.64%/τ _{501 nm} and −22.87 ± 1.13%/τ _{501 nm} for the same band passes. Analyses of the 5-day air-mass back trajectories were further developed for Gwangju in order to classify the air-mass and types of aerosol reaching the site during the Asia dust episodes.     

试论开展中国农作物病虫害危害流行的长期气象预测研究

从开展中国宵作物病虫害危害浒的长期气象预测研究的必要性出发,结合国内外的研究现状,提出提高宵作物病虫害长期预测的准确性、时效性是宵作物病虫病综合防治的首要措施,并建议围绕中国宵作物病虫害宏观气候可预测性的机理、浒的前兆性气候指标、浒气候区划、影响的关键气象因子、预报模式的气象信息技术改造等方面开展中国宵作物病虫害危害流行的长期气象预测研究。     

成都市大气能见度变化特征及影响因子研究

利用MICAPS 2008—2011年地面观测资料,分析了成都市区大气能见度的变化特征。以2009年成都地区一次低能见度天气过程为例,分析大气能见度与各气象要素的变化关系,讨论影响成都市大气能见度变化的主要因素。结果表明:近年来伴随着霾天数的逐年下降,成都市区年平均大气能见度呈上升趋势,夏季平均值最高,春季次之,冬季最低。高湿和低风速是造成成都市低能见度现象的主要气象条件。PM2.5的浓度与成都市大气能见度呈显著负相关,PM2.5浓度的快速增长是造成大气能见度急剧降低的重要原因。有效降低PM2.5浓度,减少大气污染物排放,是改善成都市区大气能见度的有效途径。     

农村气象灾害防御体系理论模型初探

根据灾害防御基本原理,简要分析了气象灾害致灾因子对气象灾害防御的影响。在此基础上,结合浙江、重庆、山西、辽宁、安徽、江西、广东、内蒙、贵州等省市的农村气象灾害防御实践,借鉴国外灾害防御体制建设和机制设计的经验,探索性提出了组成农村气象灾害防御体系的6项基本内容,即农村气象灾害风险识别与评价、农村气象灾害监测与预警发布机制、气象灾害预警信息传播与应急响应、气象灾害防御组织体系、气象灾害防御的工程体系以及气象灾害防御的法制化;构建了农村气象灾害防御体系的理论模型;并在专业能力支撑、行政支持、组织保障、政策法规等方面,对未来农村气象灾害防御体系建设提出了建议。     

空气负离子研究进展及影响因素分析

空气负离子保健作用受到人们的普遍关注,其浓度是衡量空气清洁度的重要指标之一,在空气环境质量评价中日益受到重视。从医学健康、环境卫生、工农业、生态旅游四个方面论述了空气负离子在国内外的研究进展,并结合最新研究成果,综述了负离子在不同气象因子、海拔高度、植被、区域、时段下的浓度变化规律。在此基础上,对空气负离子未来研究方向提出建议,为空气负离子进一步研究提供参考和借鉴。     

福州近地层臭氧分布及其与气象要素的相关性

利用2009-2010年福州市近地层臭氧的连续观测资料,分析了其时空分布特征,并结合气象要素进行了相关性分析,找出了易导致臭氧浓度超标的天气类型。结果表明,在工业源、交通源较密集的监测点,臭氧浓度较高;臭氧浓度月分布呈"双峰型",峰值在5月、10月,谷值在1月;浓度的季节排序为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,绝大部分浓度超标日出现在春末和夏季,冬季则没有;臭氧浓度日分布呈"单峰型",清晨开始明显上升,最高小时浓度出现在午后,夜里维持在相对稳定的低值区;臭氧浓度与温度、日照、太阳辐射显著正相关,与云量、相对湿度、降水量显著负相关,受偏南和偏东风影响时臭氧浓度较高,在SSE方位上小时浓度超标率最高;超标日天气型主要有变性冷高压、地面倒槽和锋前暖区等强暖性、且非常不利于污染物扩散的天气系统。     

1953-2009年林西站气象要素变化分析

对林西气象站1953-2009年气温、风速、降水量月、季、年观测资料进行了统计,分析了近57年三个要素的年际变化和突变特征,为气象站的迁站资料评估提供参考依据。结果显示,该站近57年平均气温显著升高,平均风速明显减小,两个要素都有明显的突变特征。分析认为,这种变化特征除与区域气候变化的响应有关外,主要与该地城镇的发展及测站周边逐步出现较高建筑物的影响有关。     

Chemical composition and quantitative relationship between meteorological condition and fine particles in Beijing

The recent year‘s monitor results of Beijing indicated that the pollution level of fine particles PM2.5 showed an increasing trend. To understand pollution characteristics of PM2.5 and its relationship with the meteorological conditions in Beijing, a one-year monitoring of PM2.5 mass concentration and correspondent meteorological parameters was performed in Beijing in 2001. The PM2.5 levels in Beijing were very high, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2001 was 7 times of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards proposed by US EPA. The major chemical compositions were organics, sulfate, crustals and nitrate. It was found that the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were influenced by meteorological conditions. The correlation between the mass concentrations of PM2.5 and the relative humidity was found. And the correlation became closer at higher relative humidity. And the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were negtive-correlated to wind speeds, but the correlation between the mass concentration of PM2.5 and wind speed was not good at stronger wind.