污泥预处理强化厌氧水解与产甲烷实验研究

污泥传统厌氧消化因水解瓶颈而导致有机物转化甲烷产率低下.选择适当工况对污泥实施预处理可同时实现对污泥中木质纤维素破稳和污泥微生物细胞破壁,从而释放出较多溶解性COD(SCOD),使有机物水解变得容易进行,最终导致甲烷产率大幅提高.本研究通过热水解(T=150℃,t=30 min)、超声波(P =500 W,t=2 h)、碱解(pH =13,t=2h)和酸解(pH =2,t=2 h)等4种预处理方式对原污泥实施最优工况预处理,分别获得了50.9％、39.1％、31.0％和22.4％的COD溶出率.对预处理后污泥进行传统条件下(SRT =20 d)厌氧消化,分别获得了53.6％、40％、26.8％和24％的甲烷产率(mL/g VSS)增量.同时,预处理后污泥中木质纤维素类物质降解率亦大大增加.缩短SRT(10 d)会导致传统厌氧消化甲烷产率急剧减少,但是,污泥预处理却非常有利于甲烷产率的提高,因此可通过外在预处理方式来逾越内在厌氧水解的瓶颈.     

不同好氧预处理方式对餐厨垃圾产甲烷的影响

为了研究不同好氧预处理方式对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷的影响,通过建立3个模拟厌氧生物反应器,研究了传统厌氧生物反应器C1、上层好氧预处理-厌氧生物反应器C2和底部好氧预处理-厌氧生物反应器C3 3种不同操作条件下的产甲烷过程.结果表明,挥发性有机酸的累积使C1始终处于产甲烷滞后阶段;而C2、C3的好氧预处理通过加快易水解酸化组分和过量挥发性有机酸的好氧降解,有效缓解了酸性抑制,产甲烷滞后时间明显缩短至10 d内.第32天C2停止上层曝气后,在27 d内甲烷浓度达到了50％以上,同时,产甲烷速率迅速上升,并在第81天可达到峰值773 mL/(kg·d).C3在第11天停止底部曝气后,虽然经过22 d的时间甲烷浓度即上升至50％,但之后产甲烷速率经历回落阶段后再次逐渐上升,在实验结束时仅达到517 mL/(kg·d).上层曝气的好氧预处理方式所需曝气时间相对较长,但其产甲烷启动快,与底部曝气相比,其后期的甲烷化过程更稳定并可达到较高的产甲烷速率.     

直链烷基苯磺酸盐促进剩余污泥产生短链脂肪酸的研究

采用批试试验的方法研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(C12-LAS)对剩余污泥在厌氧发酵过程中产生的短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)的影响.结果表明,C12-LAS的投加极大地提高了剩余污泥厌氧发酵过程中的SCFAs产量.当C12-LAS加入量低于0.1g·g-1时,SCFAs产量随着C12-LAS加入量的增加而增加,然而,当C12-LAS加入量高于0.1g·g-1时,SCFAs产量反而有所降低.从污泥产酸量以及经济成本考虑,C12-LAS的最佳投加量为0.02g·g-1,此时剩余污泥的SCFAs最大产量出现在第6天.进一步的研究表明,C12-LAS不仅促使大量的碳水化合物和蛋白质脱离污泥颗粒并溶解到液相中,而且抑制了产甲烷菌的活性.尽管剩余污泥经历着酸化过程,但由于其释放出大量的NH4 -N,污泥在整个厌氧发酵过程中的pH值逐渐升高.     

城市有机垃圾间歇厌氧消化pH控制动力学研究

对厌氧消化系统的物料及电离平衡进行分析,利用底物降解和微生物生长动力学建立城市有机垃圾间歇厌氧消化pH值控制模型,并研制开发了间歇厌氧消化过程pH值与产气量最优化计算机软件.运用该模型可预测不同厌氧消化过程的最佳pH值,从而通过控制厌氧系统的pH值使系统产气量达到最大,通过2组对比实验验证模型的有效性.结果表明,在相同的实验条件下厌氧系统的pH控制在最佳值时系统产气较未对pH值控制时稳定,且总产气量平均提高20%左右.     

准好氧填埋工艺氧气浓度对甲烷与二氧化碳浓度的影响研究

构建了准好氧填埋模拟装置,在其产气相对稳定期间,测定填埋装置内不同点位的ψ(O₂),ψ(CH₄)和ψ(CO₂),并用数学模型对ψ(O₂)与ψ(CH₄)和ψ(CO₂)之间的关系进行拟合.结果表明:随着ψ(O₂)的增加,上层ψ(CH₄)呈对数规律下降,而ψ(CO₂)呈线性规律下降;中层ψ(CH₄)和ψ(CO₂)均呈指数规律下降;下层ψ(CH₄)呈指数规律下降,而ψ(CO₂)先保持在34%左右波动,当ψ(O₂)大于1.8%后呈指数规律下降.上层主要为好氧带,ψ(CH₄)低于ψ(CO₂);中层主要为兼氧带,当ψ(O₂)小于5.8%时ψ(CH₄)高于ψ(CO₂),而当ψ(O₂)大于5.8%时ψ(CH₄)低于ψ(CO₂);下层主要为厌氧带,当ψ(O₂)小于2.8%时ψ(CH₄)高于ψ(CO₂),而当ψ(O₂)大于2.8%时ψ(CH₄)低于ψ(CO₂).      

生物反应器填埋场产甲烷规律的模拟研究

生物反应器填埋场是一种新型的垃圾卫生填埋场,可以加速填埋场的稳定及甲烷的产生.通过模拟试验探讨了生物反应器填埋场在不同操作条件下的产甲烷情况及COD、pH值的变化趋势.试验证明较高的回灌频率有助于垃圾降解、产甲烷速率的升高及渗滤液中COD浓度的降低;污泥接种起缓冲作用,使垃圾的降解及产气速率更趋向平稳;甲烷的产生与COD的降低是同步进行的,因此可以通过COD的变化趋势来判断产甲烷情况.研究建立了反映垃圾含水率影响填埋场产甲烷的数学模型,该模型具有简便、直观、准确等优点.     

微电解-Fenton联合工艺预处理煤层气井压裂废水

利用Fenton强化微电解工艺对煤层气井压裂废水展开预处理研究,以COD去除率和可生化性(B/C)为考察指标,单独工艺正交实验结果表明pH为3、反应时间为90 min、铁碳体积比为1.5∶1和pH为4、反应时间为80 min、H2O2投加量为4 mL/L分别是微电解与Fenton反应的最优条件,各可获得48.1%和44.9%的COD去除率。在最优条件下进行微电解-Fenton联合运行实验,连续61 h内COD去除率均稳定在65%以上,B/C由0.158上升到0.3以上,有利于后续生化处理的运行。     

水生植物酸碱预处理对厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷的影响简

采用酸碱预处理乌梁素海典型沉水植物龙须眼子菜和挺水植物芦苇,通过厌氧发酵动力学分析、还原糖变化及微观结构解析,研究酸碱预处理对水生植物厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷的影响。实验结果表明,酸碱预处理后水生植物厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷两阶段累积产气量、氢气及甲烷含量均显著提高,酸处理效果优于碱处理。采用0.5 mol/L HCl预处理龙须眼子菜效果最佳,最大氢气、甲烷含量分别达42.65%和52.82%,产氢气速率为4.118 mL/h,产甲烷速率最高达14.199 mL/h。芦苇经1 mol/L HCl预处理效果最佳,最高氢气、甲烷含量分别为32.22%和65.26%。扫描电镜微观结构分析表明,酸碱预处理可显著破坏芦苇、龙须眼子菜的纤维素结构,有效增加植物与微生物接触面积,有利于厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷工艺的快速启动和稳定运行。     

Coal facies characteristics and its control on methane content in South Yanchuan Block,Southeast Ordos Basin,China

The variability in depositional environments in ancient peat bog and coal facies characteristics was investigated with 29 coal samples from four coalbed methane wells in South Yanchuan Block, Southeast Ordos Basin, China. The control of methane content is described as coal facies parameters and the corresponding measurements of methane content. The results indicated that the depositional environment of ancient peat bog in South Yanchuan Block is primarily a lower delta plain, and a low tissue preservation index (TPI) and high gelification index (GI) are typical features of reservoir’s coal facies, reflecting a deep water depositional environment in ancient peat bog. Compared with the coal facies characteristics of the western area, the coal reservoir in the eastern area displays low GI and high ash content as a result of ancient peat bog’s proximity to sea and source area. Various lateral methane contents are influenced by burial depth, whereas the characteristics of coal facies have a strong control on methane content within the single well in vertical direction. The methane content increases with increase in GI and vitrinite to inertinite ratio (V:I), while there are indistinct relationships between TPI and transportation index with methane content. With high GI and longer distance to sea and source area, the methane content in the western area is higher than that of the eastern area. High desmocollinite content also has a negative influence on methane content.     

Profile of Methane Concentrations in Soil and Atmosphere in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem on Tibetan Plateau

The methane concentration profile from -1.5m depth in soil to 32m height in air was measured in alpine steppe located in the permafrost area. Methane concentrations showed widely variations both in air and in soil during the study period. The mean concentrations in atmosphere were all higher than those in soil, and the highest methane concentration was found in air at the height of 16m with the lowest concentration occurring at the depth of 1.5m in soil. The variations of atmospheric methane concentrations did not show any clear pattern both temporally and spatially, although they exhibited a more steadystable state than those in soil. During the seasonal variations, the methane concentrations at different depths in soil were significantly correlated （R^2〉0.6） with each other comparing to the weak correlations （R^2〈0.2） between the atmospheric concentra- tions at different heights. Mean methane concentrations in soil significantly decreased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the decreasing production rates and the increasing methane oxidation rates, which was caused by the descent soil moisture with depth. Although the methane concentrations at all depths varied widely during the growing season, they showed very distinct temporal variations in the non-growing season. It was indicated from the literatures that methane oxidation rates were positively correlated with soil temperature. The higher methane concentrations in soil during the winter were determined by the lower methane oxidation rates with decreasing soil temperatures, whereas methane production rates had no reaction to the lower temperature. Relations between methane contribution and other environmental factors were not discussed in this paper for lacking of data, which impulse us to carry out further and more detailed studies in this unique area.