长寿湖水体甲基汞光化学降解特征

为明确长寿湖水体甲基汞(MMHg)光化学降解特征,采用硼硅玻璃瓶对水样进行原位培养,探讨了长寿湖水体MMHg光化学降解的季节差异性及垂直变化特征,分析了不同波段光波对MMHg光化学降解反应的贡献,并估算了MMHg光化学降解的通量.结果发现,在光的作用下,长寿湖水体表层MMHg会发生明显的降解反应,未发现明显的净甲基化结果.在水体表层,夏季MMHg光化学降解速率最快((6.10±0.38)×10-3E~(-1)·m~2),其次为春季((4.90±0.24)×10-3E~(-1)·m2),秋冬季节的降解速率较低,分别为(3.10±0.19)×10-3E~(-1)·m~2和(2.60±0.12)×10-3E~(-1)·m~2;UV-A、UV-B和可见光(PAR)对表层水体MMHg光化学降解反应的贡献分别为49%~52%、21%~31%和21%~34%.MMHg光化学降解速率随水深增加而逐步衰减,其中,UV-B引发的光化学降解反应速率衰减最快,其次为UV-A.对整个水体而言,PAR对MMHg光化学降解的贡献最大(67%~77%),其次为UV-A(25%~31%),UV-B的贡献最小(4.3%~8.1%).夏、秋、冬和春4个季节的MMHg日降解通量分别为7.2、0.73、1.1和5.9 ng·m-2·d~(-1),年降解通量估算为1.5μg·m-2·a~(-1).可见,长寿湖水体MMHg光化学降解反应具有明显的季节和水深剖面变化特征,不同波段光波对降解反应的贡献有较大的差异.     

The use of the embryo‐culture techniques in the research on the Teratogenic and Mutagenic properties of metals†

Actually, embryos can be cultured from the one‐cell stage up to the blastocyst stage, and their development can be easily monitored at any time: severe effects caused by toxic compounds are traduced by rapid embryonic death, less pronounced effects can be expressed by a lowered cleavage activity or by an arrest of the development from a particular stage. The system can be improved by transferring the embryos at the blastocyst stage in another more complete medium where they can “implant”; and form an inner cell mass with differentiated ectoderm and endoderm. Since last years, it has also become possible to culture postimplantation rodent embryos for short periods involving a number of particularly critical stages of organogenesis, such as the formation and closure of the anterior neuropore. Embryo‐culture also represents a useful system to study cytogenetic effects of chemicals which are often linked to lethal or teratogenic effects. These different possibilities are illustrated by examples of studies already performed with metals, and dealing with their teratogenic and/or cytogenetic effects on pre‐ and postimplantation rodents.     

中国主要红树林湿地中甲基汞的分布特征及影响因素初探

通过对海南、广东、广西、福建的8个主要红树林地区沉积物中甲基汞以及环境因子的研究,分析了红树林生态系统中甲基汞的分布及其汞的甲基化作用.结果表明:①沉积物中总汞和甲基汞的含量分布并不一致.中国主要红树林区海南(三亚、东寨港)、广东(特呈岛、雷州、高桥、福田)、广西(大冠沙)、福建(浮宫)表层沉积物中甲基汞含量分别为(0.24±0.04)、(0.58±0.27)、(0.52±0.23)、(1.56±0.49)、(0.50±0.25)、(1.21±0.36)、(1.86±1.04)和(0.47±0.16)ng.g-1.甲基汞含量有很明显的地域区别,其含量顺序为大冠沙雷州福田东寨港特呈岛高桥浮宫三亚.工业和养殖业输入的汞和有机质显著增加了沉积物中甲基汞水平.对比世界其他河口湿地,我国红树林湿地沉积物中的甲基汞污染较为严重.②红树林沉积物的甲基化比率介于0.11%～7.13%.甲基化比率顺序由大到小为大冠沙特呈岛雷州福田高桥东寨港三亚浮宫.甲基化比率与砂粒显著正相关(p0.05),与粉粒和黏粒显著负相关(p0.05).③沉积物中总细菌含量范围为2.44×1010～1.91×1011CFU/g(以干重计,下同),浮宫三亚高桥东寨福田大冠沙.各环境因子对微生物数量的影响无显著差异.沉积物中SRB的含量介于1.73×104～4.92×106CFU/g,福田浮宫东寨港三亚高桥大冠沙.高有机废水是导致沉积物中SRB含量增高的主要原因.沉积物类型对SRB在沉积物表层的分布也有较大影响.甲基汞和环境因子之间并没有明显的相关性,外源输入是我国红树林湿地沉积物中的甲基汞污染的主要原因.     

盐渍化环境下秸秆还田对稻米汞及甲基汞累积的影响

通过盆栽试验探讨了盐渍化环境下秸秆还田对土壤中总汞（THg）、甲基汞（MeHg）含量和转化以及对水稻吸收汞的影响.试验用土采集自天津典型污灌地区,人为添加不同梯度的盐分（0、0.2%、0.5% NaCl）及外源汞（0、5mg/kg~Hg（NO₃）₂）,秸秆还田按照0.1%进行处理.结果显示：1.秸秆还田促进稻田系统中无机汞的甲基化.与未添加秸秆的处理相比,秸秆还田后土壤MeHg含量提高了56.8%~76.8%,水稻MeHg含量增加了127%~171.6%.2.在轻度盐渍化稻田开展秸秆还田,会进一步提高稻田土壤中汞的甲基化水平,进而增加水稻籽粒中甲基汞含量.与不添加盐分处理相比,轻度盐渍化环境中（0.2% NaCl）,秸秆还田处理导致土壤MeHg含量提高了92.2%~101.2%,水稻籽粒MeHg含量增长了52.8%~132.1%.更高的盐渍化水平会抑制土壤汞甲基化趋势,水稻籽粒中甲基汞含量降低.在中度盐渍化环境中（0.5% NaCl）,秸秆还田导致土壤MeHg含量降低了57.9%~88.6%,水稻籽粒MeHg含量降低了72.9%~86.8%.以上研究结果表明,在盐渍化且汞污染稻田开展秸秆还田可能大幅度增加该地区汞食物链暴露风险,因此在中轻度盐渍化的污灌区,对秸秆还田等农艺措施需要格外慎重.     

富集甲基汞的树脂膜筛选及条件优化

树脂膜作为DGT技术的核心部分,是影响 DGT测定的关键因素。为确保树脂吸附和洗脱实验的准确性,筛选出醋酸-盐酸混合溶液作为甲基汞溶液的保存试剂。以标液中甲基汞的吸附率为指标,比较了4种吸附树脂的基本特征及在室内标液浓度为1μg/L的条件下对甲基汞的吸附效果,筛选出吸附效果最佳的树脂TCH-95,并对TCH-95树脂胶的不同洗脱试剂进行了研究。结果表明：24h TCH-95对甲基汞的吸附率高达98.9%。且在洗脱实验中,对硫脲-盐酸混合溶液添加冰醋酸有助于提高树脂胶中甲基汞的洗脱率,其2%硫脲-0.2mol/L HCl-4%HAc混合溶液的甲基汞洗脱率为84.5%,是目前TCH-95树脂的最佳洗脱剂。     

Tissue distribution of inorganic mercury, methylmercury and cadmium in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in relation to the contamination levels of the water column and sediment

The comparative experimental study of inorganic mercury (HgII), methylmercury (MeHg) and cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was based on a 14 days' exposure to the water column or sediment compartments, as initial contamination sources. For each contaminant and exposure source, a five-point concentration range was set up in order to quantify the relationships between the contamination pressure and bioaccumulation capacity, at the whole soft body level and in five organs: gills, mantle, visceral mass, kidney and foot. Hg and Cd bioaccumulation at the whole organism level was proportional to the metal concentrations in the water column or sediment. For similar exposure conditions, the average ratios between the metal concentrations in the bivalves - [MeHg]/[HgII] and [MeHg]/[Cd] - were close to 10 and 5 for the sediment source and 8 and 15 for the water column source. Metal distribution in the five organs revealed strong specificities, according to the different contamination modalities studied: kidney and gills were clearly associated with Cd exposure, mantle and foot with MeHg exposure and the visceral mass with inorganic Hg exposure.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中硫酸盐还原菌对汞甲基化作用的影响

为探究三峡水库这一特殊的周期性干湿交替环境中,硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)是否在汞的生物甲基化过程中起主导作用,本文以库区消落带原土为研究对象,以灭菌土+接种硫酸盐还原菌Desulfovibrio africanus(D.africanus,DSM-2603)为对照(试验A),在每公斤土壤分别添加0、1、5 mg汞浓度条件下,模拟研究原土(试验B)中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)含量的动态变化、总硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)数量变化,以及影响土壤中甲基汞含量的环境因子分析.结果表明,淹水状况有利于THg从土壤中释放,且Hg含量越高,释放越快;菌株D.africanus对汞具生态适应性,其菌数与MeHg含量显著正相关:在5 mg·kg~(-1)Hg条件下,D.africanus菌数可达3.65×10~4cfu·g~(-1),MeHg含量也高达7.60×10~4ng·kg~(-1).值得注意的是,试验B处理中,一方面消落区原土中SRB菌数较少,平均仅193 cfu·g~(-1);另一方面,土壤MeHg含量较低:在5mg·kg~(-1)Hg条件下,MeHg含量仅为5.54×10~3ng·kg~(-1),且总SRB菌数与MeHg含量无显著相关性.由此可以推测,在三峡水库消落区这种非严格厌氧土壤环境中,SRB并非优势菌群,其中还存在着其它对生物汞甲基化起主导作用的好氧或兼性厌氧微生物种群.     

Preliminary study on health risk from mercury exposure to residents of Wujiazhan town on the Di’er Songhua river, Northeast China

Mercury concentrations in hair are typically used as a biomarker to assess exposure to mercury. A total of 108 hair samples were collected from residents (age range 5–73 years) of Wujiazhan town, northeast China, to determine total mercury concentrations. Hair mercury concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 199 mg kg^–1 with an average value of 3.41 mg kg⁻¹. The relationships between mercury concentration and gender and between hair mercury concentration and age were not significant. Overall, 16.7% of all samples were above the RfD value published by the United States Environmental Protection agency. The results indicate that there may be some been health risk from mercury exposure to the residents in the study area.     

施用污泥堆肥品对土壤和植物总汞及甲基汞的影响

采用田间试验,分别施加两种不同的污泥堆肥品(含生物质炭和不含生物质炭),研究污泥堆肥土地利用过程土壤及植物总汞和甲基汞变化情况、迁移转化特征和植物富集能力.结果表明,施加污泥堆肥品会引起土壤总汞和甲基汞含量升高,但总汞含量低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准.生物质炭堆肥品可能促进土壤汞的甲基化,但不同处理土壤甲基汞/总汞(Me Hg/THg)比值较低.植物成熟后不同处理植物总汞含量明显低于幼苗期,而甲基汞含量均高于幼苗期.施加两种堆肥品对植物富集总汞没有明显差异,但对甲基汞富集影响显著.施加生物质炭堆肥品的土壤甲基汞含量明显高于施加无生物质炭堆肥品的土壤,而植物甲基汞含量则相反.生物质炭的加入可能有利于土壤甲基汞形成,但不利于甲基汞的迁移,抑制植物对土壤甲基汞的富集.植物对甲基汞的富集能力较强(富集系数为1.24~14.63),需关注长期施肥带来的土壤环境汞生态风险.     

葫芦岛锌业股份有限公司汞污染现状调查与防治对策研究

葫芦岛市是辽宁省汞污染最严重的城市,该市汞排放量约占全省汞排放量的90％以上。从多年环境管理掌握情况看,葫芦岛市现仅有葫芦岛锌业股份有限公司（简称葫芦岛锌厂）一家企业有汞污染物排出,为加强葫芦岛市汞污染治理和管理提供科学依据,本论文主要针对葫芦岛锌厂周圉环境汞污染现状调查与防治对策进行研究。