汞在酸性紫色水稻土的转化与水稻汞富集特征

采用盆栽模拟试验,对汞(Hg)及甲基汞(MeHg)在酸性紫色水稻土中不同水稻生长期的动态变化进行了研究,并分析对比了总汞(THg)和MeHg在水稻体中的富集特征.结果表明:在水稻生长期间,土壤总汞含量变化较小,MeHg含量随时间增加而增加,土壤MeHg/THg值的变化趋势和土壤中MeHg含量变化一致.完熟期THg在水稻中植株的分布状况为:根籽粒茎叶穗壳,MeHg的分布为:籽粒根茎叶穗壳.水稻植株中MeHg/THg均值为24.03%,大于土壤均值3.05%,说明水稻植株中具有较强的MeHg累积能力.在水稻生长周期内,水稻体内MeHg富集系数均值为8.16,远大于THg富集系数的均值2.31,且籽粒中的MeHg富集系数大于根、茎、叶,说明水稻对MeHg的富集能力强于THg,且籽粒更易于富集MeHg.水稻体内的MeHg的转移系数大于THg,且籽粒中MeHg的转移系数大于1,进一步说明MeHg比THg更易在水稻体内转移.     

Controls on Mercury and Methylmercury Deposition for Two Watersheds in Acadia National Park, Maine

Throughfall and bulk precipitation samples were collected for two watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, from 3 May to 16 November 2000, to determine which landscape factors affected mercury (Hg) deposition. One of these watersheds, Cadillac Brook, burned in 1947, providing a natural experimental design to study the effects of forest type on deposition to forested watersheds. Sites that face southwest received the highest Hg deposition, which may be due to the interception of cross-continental movement of contaminated air masses. Sites covered with softwood vegetation also received higher Hg deposition than other vegetation types because of the higher scavenging efficiency of the canopy structure. Methyl mercury (MeHg) deposition was not affected by these factors. Hg deposition, as bulk precipitation and throughfall was lower in Cadillac Brook watershed (burned) than in Hadlock Brook watershed (unburned) because of vegetation type and watershed aspect. Hg and MeHg inputs were weighted by season and vegetation type because these two factors had the most influence on deposition. Hg volatilization was not determined. The total Hg deposition via throughfall and bulk precipitation was 9.4 μg/m²/year in Cadillac Brook watershed and 10.2 μg/m²/year in Hadlock Brook watershed. The total MeHg deposition via throughfall and bulk precipitation was 0.05 μg/m²/year in Cadillac Brook watershed and 0.10 μg/m²/year in Hadlock Brook watershed.     

Mass Balances of Mercury and Nitrogen in Burned and Unburned Forested Watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, USA

Precipitation and streamwater samples were collected from 16 November 1999 to 17 November 2000 in two watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, and analyzed for mercury (Hg) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, nitrate plus ammonium). Cadillac Brook watershed burned in a 1947 fire that destroyed vegetation and soil organic matter. We hypothesized that Hg deposition would be higher at Hadlock Brook (the reference watershed, 10.2 μg/m²/year) than Cadillac (9.4 μg/m²/year) because of the greater scavenging efficiency of the softwood vegetation in Hadlock. We also hypothesized the Hg and DIN export from Cadillac Brook would be lower than Hadlock Brook because of elemental volatilization during the fire, along with subsequently lower rates of atmospheric deposition in a watershed with abundant bare soil and bedrock, and regenerating vegetation. Consistent with these hypotheses, Hg export was lower from Cadillac Brook watershed (0.4 μg/m²/year) than from Hadlock Brook watershed (1.3 μg/m²/year). DIN export from Cadillac Brook (11.5 eq/ha/year) was lower than Hadlock Brook (92.5 eq/ha/year). These data show that ∼50 years following a wildfire there was lower atmospheric deposition due to changes in forest species composition, lower soil pools, and greater ecosystem retention for both Hg and DIN.     

Effects of phosphorus on uptake and translocation of methylmercury in rice

The aim of this study was to determine uptake and translocation of MeHg in the absence or presence of P in three rice cultivars, named Tianyou196 (TY196), NanJing35 (NJ35), and ZiXiangnuo (ZX). Rice seedlings from each cultivar were divided into two groups. One group was grown in normal P (+P) nutrient solution and the other in absence of P or starvation (?P) nutrient solution for 2 weeks. Both groups were subsequently exposed to 200 mg/L MeHg chloride culture solution and maintained in a greenhouse for 4 weeks. The results showed that the amount of reddish Fe plaque outside rice root was significantly increased by P starvation treatment, but in the +P treatments, rice roots remained white. It is proposed that Fe plaque formed sequestered MeHg and consequently reduced translocation of MeHg from roots to shoots. It is of interest that MeHg content in roots and shoots of TY196 and NJ35 was 11.1%–18.8% and 28.9%–32.3% lower than in ZX, respectively. Therefore, in practice, depletion of P to enhance Fe plaque formation in rice growing area is effective in preventing MeHg translocation from roots to shoots and ensures food safety in mine locations.     

Extreme Spatial Variability and Unprecedented Methylmercury Concentrations Within a Constructed Wetland

We began monitoring concentrations of both total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in surface water at Stormwater Treatment Area-2 (STA) on July 20, 2000. This 2602 hectare STA was constructed with three independent marshes to remove phosphorus from agricultural runoff and reduce eutrophication in the northern Everglades. However, there was concern that in doing so, STA-2 might inadvertently worsen the existing mercury problem in the Everglades. Accordingly, operating permits stipulated that flow-through operation of these treatment cells could not begin until concentrations of THg and MeHg in the interior marsh were not significantly greater than corresponding concentrations in the supply canal. Cells 2 and 3 quickly met the start-up criteria in the fall of 2000. In contrast, Cell 1 exhibited anomalously high MeHg concentrations in the fall of 2000 and 2001, and the summer of 2002. During the last such event, water-column concentrations in Cell 1 reached 32 ng THg/L and an unprecedented 20 ng MeHg/L. Tissue Hg in resident fishes reached levels as high as 430 ng/g in mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, 930 ng/g in sunfish, Lepomis spp., and 2000 ng/g in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Guided by results from the monitoring program, flow rate and water depth were managed as a means to alter sulfur biogeochemistry and, thereby, reduce in situ mercury methylation. This adaptive management strategy likely played a role in the decline in water-column concentrations of THg and MeHg in Cell 1 by late 2002 and the subsequent declines in tissue Hg levels in resident fishes. Cell 1 finally met formal start-up criteria on November 26, 2002.     

上海市吴泾工业区周边土壤和树叶中汞污染调查

对上海市吴泾工业区热电厂、氯碱厂、焦化厂周边土壤和树叶中汞及甲基汞的含量作了调查.结果显示,三个厂区周边土壤中总汞含量在几十到几百ng·g-1,而甲基汞的含量则很低.树叶中总汞浓度约为十几到几十ng·g-1.三个厂中以热电厂周边土壤和树叶中的总汞含量最高,氯碱厂甲基汞含量比较大.三个厂区周边土壤和植物部分受到了汞污染.     

松花江鱼类系污染现状研究

松花江主要工业汞源根治后,该江吉林市至三岔河口和三岔河口至同江江段总汞与甲基汞已分别降到轻、中度污染水平。各江段鱼类总汞与甲基汞污染水平均表现出：肉食性鱼类＞杂食性鱼类＞植物食性鱼类;底层鱼类＞中、上层鱼类;无鳞鱼类＞有鳞鱼类。各江段每种鱼类肌肉中甲基汞含量与总汞含量之间呈明显的正相关关系,与脲酶、乳酸脱氢酶活力之间呈明显的负相关关系。鱼类肌肉中总汞含量与江水中总汞含量之间呈明显的多元直线、多元对数和多元指数回归关系;鱼类肌肉中甲基汞含量与江水中甲基汞含量之间呈明显的多元对数回归关系。     

Response of Mercury Contamination in Fish to Decreased Aqueous Concentrations and Loading of Inorganic Mercury in a Small Stream

Approximately 250 000 kg of mercury was lost towater and soils at the U.S. Dept. of Energy Y-12 Plantin Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the 1950s and early 1960s. A creek originating within the plant receivedcontinuous inputs of waterborne mercury, predominantlyas dissolved inorganic mercury, from groundwater,streambed contamination, and sump and process waterdischarges to the contaminated storm sewer network.These produce aqueous total mercury concentrations of1–2 g L^-1 in the upper reaches of the stream,decreasing to about 0.1–0.2 g L^-1 in its lowerreaches. A program to reduce mercury concentrationsin the creek identified specific sources (buildingsumps, contaminated springwater seeps, foundationdrains, and contaminated piping) and rerouted wateraround contaminated portions of the drain system orcollected and treated mercury-contaminated waterbefore discharging it. As a result, waterbornemercury concentrations in the creek and total mercuryloading were reduced from 1.8 g L^-1 to0.6 g L^-1 and 100 to 20 g d^-1, respectively, in the last 5 yr.Mean mercury concentrations in fish nearest sourceareas in the creek headwaters decreased at roughly thesame rate as waterborne total mercury concentrationsover the past five years, but at the facility boundarydownstream the decline in mercury bioaccumulation wasmuch less. At sites 5–15 km farther downstream, nodecrease was evident. Dissolved methylmercury tendedto increase with distance downstream in a patterninverse to that noted for its dissolved inorganicmercury precursor.Improvements in water quality and modification ofweirs to allow the passage of fish have resulted inthe establishment of large populations of fish inmercury-contaminated headwater areas previously devoidof fish. It may be that the accumulation, retention,and eventual downstream transport of this reservoir ofbiologically incorporated methylmercury has acted tobuffer against expected reductions in mercury in fishat downstream sites.     

梯级水库修建对乌江甲基汞分布的影响

采用蒸馏-乙基化结合(GC-CVAFS)法,测定了2006年乌江流域梯级水库系统入、出库河流甲基汞的含量,探讨了其分布特征和时空变化规律以及梯级水库修建对河流甲基汞分布的影响. 结果表明:乌江流域梯级水库系统入库河流水体中ρ(总甲基汞)和ρ(溶解态甲基汞)分别为0.07～0.70和0.03～0.16 ng/L;出库河流水体中ρ(总甲基汞)和ρ(溶解态甲基汞)分别为0.10～0.34和0.04～0.26 ng/L.入库河流水体中ρ(总甲基汞)与ρ(悬浮物)有显著的正相关关系,并且丰水期高于枯水期;出库河流水体中ρ(总甲基汞)在夏秋季节显著高于冬春季节. 梯级水库的修建使乌江在多个河段的ρ(甲基汞)升高,并且随着水库生态系统的不断演化,下游河流水体中ρ(甲基汞)有升高的可能.      

MERCURY IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF STEAMBOAT CREEK,NEVADA: IMPLICATIONS FOR STREAM RESTORATION1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to characterize the sources, concentrations, and distribution of total and methylmer‐cury in water, and channel and bank sediments of Steamboat Creek, Nevada. This information was needed to begin to assess the potential impacts of stream restoration on mercury pollution in this tributary to the Truckee River. The Truckee River flows into Pyramid Lake, a terminal water body home to one endangered and one threatened fish species, where stable pollutants will accumulate over time. Mercury in Steamboat Creek was originally derived from its headwaters, Washoe Lake, where several gold and silver mills that utilized mercury were located. In the 100 plus years since ore processing occurred, mercury‐laden alluvium has been deposited in the stream channel and on streambanks where it is available for remobilization. Total mercury concentrations measured in unfiltered water from the creek ranged from 82 to 419 ng/L, with greater than 90 percent of this mercury being particle‐bound (> 0.45 (m). Mercury in sediments ranged from 0.26 to 10.2 μg/g. Methylmercury concentrations in sediments of Steamboat Creek were highest in wetlands, lower in the stream channel, and still lower in streambank settings. Methylmercury concentrations in water were 0.63 to 1.4 ng/L. A streambank restoration plan, which includes alterations to channel geometry and wetland creation or expansion, has been initiated for the creek. Data developed indicate that streambank stabilization could reduce the mercury loading to the Creek and that wetland construction could exacerbate methylmercury production.