矿化垃圾生物反应床处理印染废水的工艺参数优化及优势菌群

为了探讨矿化垃圾再利用于印染废水处理的可行性,研究了矿化垃圾生化反应床处理模拟印染废水的工艺参数,进行了优势菌群的镜检和提取、培养,实验结果表明,适宜的工艺运行参数如下为水力停留时间12~24 h,水力负荷100~140 L/(m3·d),COD污染负荷240~360 g/(m3·d),布水周期为24 h条件下的进水历时为6 h;适宜的工艺运行参数条件下,矿化垃圾生化反应床对模拟印染废水的COD去除率97%以上,总磷去除率95%以上,氨氮的去除率在98%以上;处理模拟印染废水的矿化垃圾生化反应床内的微生物群落以球菌为主,该菌体对模拟印染废水具有良好的专性降解作用。研究结果将对矿化垃圾的再利用和印染废水的处理提供一定的技术参考。     

末端产物对乙醇型发酵菌群产氢能力及代谢进程的影响

利用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)在一定条件下驯化成功的乙醇型产氢发酵菌群,通过静态培养实验,以葡萄糖为碳源,利用缓冲液控制反应体系pH值,通过不同的pH值环境使产氢发酵菌群末端产物生成比例发生改变,考察了不同的末端产物生成比例对菌群产氢能力的影响.结果表明,在液相末端产物总量相当的情况下,乙醇生成比例高时氢气产量也较高.通过外加乙醇和乙酸进行静态产氢实验发现,乙醇对发酵产氢的抑制作用不明显,同对照组相比,外加40 mmol/L时氢气产量仅下降了34%,而乙酸的存在对菌群的发酵产氢有较强的抑制,外加乙酸浓度为10 mmol/L时即对产氢发酵产生明显抑制,浓度为40 mmol/L时产氢量较对照组降低了84.3%,液相末端产物也大幅降低,混合菌群最终形成乙醇型发酵应是菌群自然选择的结果.     

生态条件对离体瘤胃菌丛数量和菌群的影响

本文通过在模拟瘤胃发酵装置内进行动物体外瘤胃菌丛发酵生态条件动态变化对细菌数量和菌群的影响研究，发现温度４０℃、每小时搅动２０分钟是９０５２３－１瘤胃菌丛的最佳生长条件。瘤胃球菌随Ｃ／Ｎ的减小而增加，而Ｃ／Ｎ高的条件下更有利于弧菌的生长。     

城市污泥和粉煤灰配施影响砂化土壤微生物区系的实验研究

目前,对利用城市污泥和粉煤灰改良土壤的研究大多集中在二者对土壤理化特性、作物产量以及重金属累积的影响等方面,而对土壤微生物区系进行研究的相对较少。为了了解城市污泥和粉煤灰改良砂化土壤对土壤微生物区系的影响,文章对包头试验田改良前后土壤微生物区系进行了比较,研究发现,刚刚改良后,土壤中微生物数量较对照组明显增加;在改良后的最初2个月内,细菌和放线菌的数量有所减少,真菌数量少量增加;改良后2～5个月内,改良后土壤中微生物数量较对照组增加幅度显著,细菌、放线菌和真菌数量分别增加79.53%～589.76%,46.53%～270%,61.92%～143.59%,且微生物数量增加的幅度随着时间的延长,呈上升的趋势。     

Effects of thymol and carvacrol,alone or in combination,on fermentation and microbial diversity during in vitro culture of bovine rumen microbes

Two essential oils (EO), thymol and carvacrol, were used in six ratio (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 00:100) combinations of both EO and in a dose of 0.2?g L^?1 in bovine ruminal culture medium, 24-h cultures, to evaluate effects on total gas production (TGP), methane production, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro culture population dynamics of methanogenic and total bacteria. Total DNA extracted from ruminal microorganisms was subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to examine effects on bacterial populations. The effect of EO on TGP and IVDMD were assessed by comparison to untreated control cultures. In general, methane production by the microbial populations appeared to be higher with treatments containing the highest concentration of thymol than with treatments containing more carvacrol resulting in a tendency for greater methane-inhibiting activity achieved as the thymol concentration in the thymol:carvacrol mixtures decreased linearly. The population of total bacteria with a 74.5% Dice similarity coefficient for comparison of DGGE band patterns indicating shifts in bacterial constituents as EO ratios changed. No effects on TGP, IVDMD while only slight shifts in the methanogenic populations were seen with an overall 91.5% Dice similarity coefficient.     

高效反硝化菌和包埋填料性能及微生物群落分析

为考察高效反硝化细菌及其包埋填料对低温、低底物浓度的适应性和恢复性,实验采用2个条件(适宜、不利)、3个阶段(D_1、D_2、D_3),探究二者的反硝化能力,即:将初始适宜条件下培养的高效反硝化细菌[300 mg·(L·h)~(-1)]置于不利条件下运行(D_1),反硝化性能稳定后将其包埋,仍置于不利条件下运行(D_2),90 d后恢复到适宜条件(D_3).结果表明分别经过17d和16 d的运行,反硝化细菌和包埋填料在D_1、D_2阶段的速率最终稳定在5.4 mg·(L·h)~(-1)、4.8 mg·(L·h)~(-1),说明细菌及其包埋填料能够适应低温、低底物的不利条件;在D_3阶段发现,经过12 d运行填料的反硝化速率就可达到300mg·(L·h)~(-1),表明其具有快速的自我恢复能力.利用扫描电镜分析包埋填料的内外结构,发现其内外结构均利于细菌生长代谢和传质.高通量测序分析结果表明,D_2阶段的优势菌属仍为具有反硝化功能的Pseudomonas、Thauera、Gelidibacter,因而证明了细菌在不利条件的适应性;D_3阶段包埋填料的优势菌属Thauera、Petrimonas、Pseudomonas,与初始适宜条件下培养的高效反硝化细菌的优势菌属完全相同,这也充分证明了细菌包埋填料具有良好的恢复能力.     

返青前后草地早熟禾草坪根际微生物区系动态

根际是土壤-植物生态系统物质及能量交换的活跃界面,根际微生物不仅直接影响植物对水分、养分的吸收,而且也同时影响植物对不良环境的抵抗能力。利用选择性培养基对草地早熟禾(PoapratensisL.)返青前后根际与非根际的细菌、真菌以及放线菌类群进行分离测数,拟从根际及非根际土壤微生物区系动态变化方面来阐述草地早熟禾返青前后其根际微生态的变化规律。结果表明:(1)草地早熟禾草坪的返青后,根际及非根际细菌、真菌数量明显增加,但放线菌数量呈减少趋势;(2)无论返青前后或者根际以及非根际,细菌的数量都占整个土壤微生物量的绝大部分,细菌数量的变化代表了整个微生物类群数量的变化趋势,使得草地早熟禾返青后根际土壤由"真菌型"向"细菌型"转化;(3)返青前后,各微生物类群都表现出明显的根际效应。     

皖东张八岭、珠龙地区西冷岩组微古植物群初步研究

皖东张八岭、珠龙地区西冷岩组为一套浅海相变质火山－沉积岩系，岩性以细碧－石英角斑岩为特征，出露面积约占总面积的80％，视厚度为4616.51m。笔者等在1：5万区域地质填图中对这套变质岩系进行了生物地层工作．并采集了大量的微占植物样品，从中获得了丰富的微古植物化石。按化石组合特征将其分为两个组合：第一组合主要产于拂晓园艺场－朱郢剖面冷岩组下部层位，包括有33个属44个种，其中1个新属，2个新种，19个未定种，3个相似种；第二组合产于西冷岩织上部层位的罗士城、邱庄、西徐等地，包括30个属．34个种．其小1个新种、18个未定种、13个相似种的化石。西冷岩组微古植物群而貌与我国青白口系的微古植物面貌比较相似．与前苏联上里菲（850－1050Ma）、澳大利亚小部苦泉组微古植物面貌相似。因此，将西冷岩组的时代归为广义的青白口纪较为合适。     

Responses of butachlor degradation and microbial properties in a riparian soil to the cultivation of three different plants

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biodegradation dynamics and related microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition in a riparian soil planted with different plants such as Phragmites australis, Zizania aquatica, and Acorus calamus. The results showed that there were significant differences in microbial degradation dynamics of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils among the three riparian plants. A. calamus displays a significantly higher degradation efficiency of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils, as compared with Z aquatica and P. australis. Half-life time of butachlor degradation in the rhizospheric soils of P. australis, Z aquatica, and A. calamus were 7.5, 9.8 and 5.4 days, respectively. Residual butachlor concentration in A. calamus rhizosphere soil was 35.2% and 21.7% lower than that in Z aquatica and P. australis rhizosphere soils, respectively, indicating that A. calamus showed a greater improvement effect on biodegradation of butachlor in rhizosphere soils than the other two riparian plant. In general, microbial biomass and biochemical activities in rhizosphere soils were depressed by butachlor addition, despite the riparian plant types. However, rhizospheric soil microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition significantly (P < 0.05) differed between riparian plant species. Compared to Z aquatica and P. australis, A. calamus showed significantly larger microbial number, higher enzyme activities and soil respiration rates in the rhizosphere soils. The results indicated that A. calamus have a better alleviative effect on inhibition of microbial growth due to butachlor addition and can be used as a suitable riparian plant for detoxifying and remediating butachlor contamination from agricultural nonpoint pollution.     

末端产物对乙醇型发酵菌群产氢能力及代谢进程的影响

利用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)在一定条件下驯化成功的乙醇型产氢发酵菌群,通过静态培养实验,以葡萄糖为碳源,利用缓冲液控制反应体系pH值,通过不同的pH值环境使产氢发酵菌群末端产物生成比例发生改变,考察了不同的末端产物生成比例对菌群产氢能力的影响.结果表明,在液相末端产物总量相当的情况下,乙醇生成比例高时氢气产量也较高.通过外加乙醇和乙酸进行静态产氢实验发现,乙醇对发酵产氢的抑制作用不明显,同对照组相比,外加40 mmol/L时氢气产量仅下降了34%,而乙酸的存在对菌群的发酵产氢有较强的抑制,外加乙酸浓度为10 mmol/L时即对产氢发酵产生明显抑制,浓度为40 mmol/L时产氢量较对照组降低了84.3%,液相末端产物也大幅降低,混合菌群最终形成乙醇型发酵应是菌群自然选择的结果.