复合菌对黑臭水体中S2-的氧化条件优化及动力学特性

以S2-的氧化率为主要考察指标,对从北京黑臭水体东沙河筛选获得的3株高效S2-氧化土著微生物sp1(Citrobacter sp.)、sp2(Ochrobactrum sp.)和sp3(Stenotrophomonas sp.)进行复配,获得硫氧化复合菌(sulphur oxidizing composite microorganisms, SOCM),比较单株菌sp1、sp2和sp3和SOCM对S2-的氧化效果。结果表明,SOCM对S2-的氧化能力明显优于单菌株。SOCM在复配比例为1∶1∶1,温度为25 ℃,初始pH为7时对北京市东沙河黑臭水样中S2-的氧化效果最好,氧化率最高达到76.7%;同时,色度、COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率可分别达到83.3%、69.2%、77.9%和68.2%。此外,建立了SOCM氧化S2-的动力学方程。当SOCM初始菌浓度从0.01 g·L-1逐渐提高到10 g·L-1时,底物比氧化速率常数Km随之减小,S2-平均氧化速率提高。但是,当SOCM初始菌浓度从10 g·L-1逐渐提高到50 g·L-1时,S2-平均氧化速率不再随着初始菌浓度的升高而加快。最后,将SOCM接种于北京清河和景观沟渠黑臭水样中,其对S2-氧化率分别达到67.0%和64.1%;同时,色度亦分别下降了83.3%和79.2%。研究为黑臭水体的微生物法治理提供了参考。     

微生物固定CO_2的研究进展

ＣＯ２既是对大气“温室效应”影响最大的气体,又是地球上最丰富的碳资源,本文简要综述了微生物固定转化ＣＯ２的研究概况,包括固定ＣＯ２的微生物种类、固定机理、分子生物学研究及其应用,为研究和开发ＣＯ２资源展示了广阔的前景。     

蚯蚓辅助微生物修复芘污染土壤

通过微宇宙实验,研究了蚯蚓对不同土壤中芘的微生物降解率的影响及蚯蚓对芘的富集率.结果表明,有机质较高土壤中芘的微生物降解率和蚯蚓富集率都低于有机质低的土壤,而老化作用降低了芘的生物有效性.无论在新鲜染毒还是老化的土壤中.蚯蚓均可提高土壤中芘的去除率和微生物降解率.在新鲜染毒的红壤和潮土中,蚯蚓可使芘的去除率由41.78%和27.02%分别提高到89.24%和57.53%,其中分别有51.48%和41.63%是蚯蚓促进的微生物降解作用引起的,37.76%和15.90%归因于蚯蚓富集作用.而在老化的红壤和潮土中,蚯蚓可使芘的去除率由36.53%和20.50%分别提高到91.93%和45.46%,其中分别有54.43%和32.83%是蚯蚓促进的微生物降解作用引起的,37.50%和12.63%归因于蚯蚓富集作用.     

The inactivation of bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174 by nanoscale zero-valent iron: Resistance difference and mechanisms

• The resistance of phage PhiX174 to nZVI was much stronger than that of MS2. • The nZVI damaged the surface proteins of both bacteriophages. • The nZVI could destroy the nucleic acid of MS2, but not that of PhiX174. •The phage inactivation was mainly attributed to the damage of the nucleic acid. Pathogenic enteric viruses pose a significant risk to human health. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), a novel material for environmental remediation, has been shown to be a promising tool for disinfection. However, the existing research has typically utilized MS2 or f2 bacteriophages to investigate the antimicrobial properties of nZVI, and the resistance difference between bacteriophages, which is important for the application of disinfection technologies, is not yet understood. Here, MS2 and PhiX174 containing RNA and DNA, respectively, were used as model viruses to investigate the resistances to nZVI. The bacteriophage inactivation mechanisms were also discussed using TEM images, protein, and nucleic acid analysis. The results showed that an initial concentration of 10⁶ PFU/mL of MS2 could be completely inactivated within 240 min by 40 mg/L nZVI at pH 7, whereas the complete inactivation of PhiX174 could not be achieved by extending the reaction time, increasing the nZVI dosage, or changing the dosing means. This indicates that the resistance of phage PhiX174 to nZVI was much stronger than that of MS2. TEM images indicated that the viral particle shape was distorted, and the capsid shell was ruptured by nZVI. The damage to viral surface proteins in both phages was examined by three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). However, the nucleic acid analysis demonstrated that the nucleic acid of MS2, but not PhiX174, was destroyed. It indicated that bacteriophage inactivation was mainly attributed to the damage of nucleic acids.     

西安市春季生物气溶胶的分布特征和健康影响

西安春季经常出现大量飞絮,易造成空气污染并引发居民哮喘等健康风险.采集西安市春季不同观测点(交通样点和校园样点)生物气溶胶、 PM_2.5和飞絮样品,通过恒温培养和高通量测序等方法研究可培养生物气溶胶的浓度变化、粒径分布,PM_2.5和飞絮携带的微生物的来源、群落结构和健康影响.结果表明,可培养细菌浓度在交通样点高于校园样点(P=0.027);交通样点可培养细菌浓度为真菌的2.7倍,而校园样点可培养真菌浓度高于细菌(1.4倍).可培养细菌和真菌日内最高浓度均出现在08:00;可培养细菌粒径呈双峰分布,真菌为单峰分布.土壤和植被是大气微生物的主要来源(占比85.9%),变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是飞絮和PM_2.5中共有的、丰度最高的菌门,在飞絮中占比达到91.3%(交通样点)和99.1%(校园样点);在PM_2.5样品中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(D...     

象草与苦楝/构树间作修复矿区重金属污染土壤潜力

为探讨象草与木本植物苦楝/构树间作修复矿区重金属污染土壤潜力,开展室内盆栽试验,分析间作对植物生物量和重金属吸收累积、土壤溶液重金属含量动态变化影响及根际微生物群落组成响应特征.结果表明,和单作相比,象草和苦楝(KX)间作两者地上部生物量分别增加26.5%和13.2%,象草和构树(GX)间作下构树地上部生物量增加13.5%,象草生物量无明显变化.和象草间作后苦楝地上部Cd含量显著提高24.9%,两者地上部Cd和Pb累积量明显提高(P<0.05);间作构树显著增加象草地上部Cd和Pb含量及累积量,但构树地上部Cd和Pb含量明显降低.总体而言,间作处理显著提高单盆植物地上部Cd和Pb共同累积总量,且KX间作下单盆地上部Cd和Pb共同累积总量(1 065μg·pot^-1)最高.整个修复期间,KX和GX间作下土壤溶液pH和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量均高于未修复土壤(CK).修复结束(第150 d)时,KX和GX间作下土壤溶液DOC含量分别较CK显著增加40.5%和33.1%(P<0.05),与CK、象草和构树单作相比,KX间作下土壤溶液Cd含量分别显著降低56...     

2009-2019年温榆河指示微生物时空演变特征研究

温榆河是北京市城区主要的防洪和排水河道,具有以非常规水源补给为主的特点.选取FC、EC、ENT和SC等指示微生物指标和COD、氨氮等水质指标,系统分析2009-2019年温榆河流域指示微生物浓度时空变化与汛期对指示微生物浓度的影响及其影响因素.研究结果表明10年间温榆河流域在经过一系列治理措施后水环境质量明显改善,CO...     

Interrelation of Cd‐lon concentrations and the growth and activities of microorganisms in two growth media†

Partitioning of native or anthropogenic heavy metals in solid and solution phases of soil is a result of network of several physico‐chemical reactions. The attainment of equilibrium between two phases is also regulated by biochemical processes. For practical purposes, the bioavailability of metal present in soil is predominantly regulated by the soil solution phase which is in dynamic equilibrium with the solid phase. The results of a model laboratory and greenhouse growth experiments have been used to investigate the effect of Cd‐ion concentrations (either in soil solution or in nutrient solution) on the growth and activities of microorganisms. The soil solution has been simulated by preparing a suspension of soil with 0.1 M NaNO₃ (1: 2.5) equilibrated for two hours. Important conclusions are as follows:

Increase in Cd‐ion concentration in soil solution or in nutrient solution induces corresponding adverse effect on the growth and activities of microorganisms. Thus, it seems that Cd‐ion concentration is a more sensitive indicator for assessing the effect of metal pollution upon the growth and activities of soil microorganisms in comparison to total Cd contents.

During active microbial growth phase, a large part of the organically bound Cd was released in the soil solution which is largely bioavailable. This process is termed as mobilisation. There was momentary increase of Cd‐ion concentration in soil solution which intoxicated the growing organisms. After this stage, the Cd ions from the solution phase were removed by the newly formed solid phase (nonviable biomass) and were transformed in non‐available form. This process is termed as immobilisation.

The consequences and importance of these results for practical agriculture and in deciding the limits or guidelines on the maximum tolerable metal load in soils are discussed.     

海洋石油降解酵母的分离鉴定与降解特性

以原油为唯一碳源,采用富集培养、平板涂布分离、平板划线纯化及摇瓶复筛等方法,从表层海水或海泥中分离得到2株具有较强石油降解能力的菌株SYB-5和SYB-2. 根据菌落及菌体形态、生理生化特征和分子生物学分析、鉴定显示,SYB-5为季也蒙毕赤酵母(Meyerozyma guilliermondii/Pichia guilliermondii),SYB-2为长孢洛德酵母(Lodderomyces elongisporus). 对2株酵母菌的石油降解性能的研究结果表明,SYB-5和SYB-2以原油组分作为碳源,以(NH₄)₂SO₄和(NH₄)₃PO₄作为氮源,在ρ(NaCl)为30g/L、氧气充足的条件下,生长的最适温度分别为36和32℃,pH均为7.0. 在最适生长条件下,培养5d后的原油降解率分别达到45.8%和34.4%. 当2株菌混合培养时,培养5d的原油降解率可提高到53.9%,培养8d时达到56.4%,说明2株菌利用原油作碳源生长时具有协同作用.      

固定化微生物絮凝菌在废水脱色中的应用

从筛选到的微生物絮凝菌中构建出比单一菌群产生更高絮凝活性絮凝剂的复合菌群,并对其进行固定化,将固定化后的细胞应用于染料废水的处理。研究发现,利用海藻酸钙包埋絮凝菌能较长时间保持细胞高的活性,且固定化菌群对染料废水具有较好的脱色效果,并在一定程度上可以达到连续生产絮凝剂的目的。