颗粒污泥的风干过程及其结构特征

采用SBR反应器培养丝状菌颗粒污泥,反应器运行第18、23、27 d依次出现普通好氧活性污泥黄色颗粒、黑色丝状真菌颗粒,及具有光滑表面的白色微丝菌颗粒.对出现的以上3种颗粒污泥进行风干实验,分析了不同类型颗粒表面结合自由水和毛细水的分布特性：丝状菌形成的黑色和白色颗粒表面结合的自由水分别为79%和83%,而传统的以细菌...     

不同比例硫酸铵替代尿素对玉米根际土壤环境及微生物群落的影响

为了探究工业副产物硫酸铵以不同比例替代尿素做为氮肥施入土壤后对土壤养分以及微生物群落的影响,进行了盆栽玉米试验.试验采用完全随机设计方法,共设置 5 个处理:CK（不施肥）、U₁₀ S₀ （100 % 尿素）、U₈ S₂ （80 % 尿素 + 20 % 硫酸铵）、U₆ S₄ （60 % 尿素 + 40 % 硫酸铵）和U₀ S₁₀ （100 % 硫酸铵）.应用常规方法进行土壤基本理化性质以及玉米植株干重的测定,通过 Illumina NovaSeq 平台进行微生物测序.结果表明:① 在玉米的各个生育期,施肥处理土壤 pH（7.85~8.15）与CK（8.1~8.21）相比都有所下降,并且随着硫酸铵比例的增加pH呈不断下降的趋势;② 在玉米各生育期土壤碱解氮含量随着硫酸铵比例的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,U₀ S₁₀ 处理比CK和U₁₀ S₀ 处理分别提高了30.56 %~63.68 %和13.22 %~38.43 %;有机碳含量变化趋势为:U₈ S₂ > U₆ S₄ > U₀ S₁₀,但除苗期以外其他生育期添加硫酸铵的处理都仍高于U₁₀ S₀ 处理;③ 所有的施肥处理蛋白酶活性都高于对照,并且随着玉米的不断生长和硫酸铵比例的增加蛋白酶活性逐渐增强,U₀ S₁₀ 处理在玉米各生育期都高于U₁₀ S₀ 处理,提高了 10.54 %~100 %;各施肥处理土壤蔗糖酶活性范围为 0.04~0.24 mg·（g·24 h）^-1,并在所有生育期U₀ S₁₀ 处理都显著高于 U₁₀ S₀ 和CK处理,分别提高了20.32 %~99.16 %、24.31 %~79.33 %;④ 所有施肥处理的玉米根际细菌和真菌物种丰富度都低于 CK 处理,U₁₀ S₀ 处理仅低于CK,硫酸铵替代尿素的3个处理细菌群落物种多样性趋势为:U₈ S₂ > U₀ S₁₀ > U₆ S₄,真菌为:U₆ S₄ > U₈ S₂ > U₀ S₁₀ ;⑤ U₀ S₁₀ 和U₁₀ S₀ 处理玉米植株干重最大,分别比 CK 处理提高了39.47 %和36.16 %,U₀ S₁₀ 处理高于U₁₀ S₀ 处理但差异不显著;Pearson 模型表明相关环境变量对土壤根际真菌和细菌物种丰富度和多样性有一定影响,其中pH值和土壤碱解氮含量是影响微生物物种多样性的最主要因素.综上,在石灰性褐土的玉米种植中,以一定比例硫酸铵替代尿素比单施尿素更能提高土壤养分,在一定程度上影响了玉米生长及根际微生物群落,并且有更大的产出.     

嗜热微生物处理油田外排水中试研究

应用嗜热微生物(50～60℃),采用接触氧化工艺处理油田高温外排水,解决了应用常规生物处理降温的难题.中试结果表明:在进水水温60～65℃,COD_Cr300～590mg/L,水质波动较大条件下,调整HRT 8～18h,可使系统出水COD_Cr稳定在175～263mg/L,含油量低于10mg/L.辅以后絮凝处理,可将生化出水中的悬浮物以及残留色度污染物有效絮凝沉降,混凝沉淀出水COD_Cr可降低至136～229mg/L.再经砂滤活性炭装置过滤,COD_Cr可降至150mg/L以下.中试试验还表明,在高温条件下,组合填料是嗜热微生物的理想载体.     

太湖部分区域沉积物中磷化氢和微生物的分布

测定了太湖柱状沉积物中磷化氢和表层沉积物中微生物,分析了表层沉积物中磷化氢和各种代表性微生物的相关性.结果表明,磷化氢在太湖柱状沉积物中普遍存在,其浓度范围为0.15～36.1 ng/kg,磷化氢的含量随沉积物取样深度和点位的不同而变化.表层沉积物中的代表性微生物在不同点位的分布差异较大,微生物的数量和分布与沉积物污染程度、营养盐状况有关.表层沉积物中磷化氢与微生物(好氧细菌、厌氧细菌、放线菌、有机磷细菌和无机磷细菌)的相关性分析表明磷化氢与无机磷细菌呈显著正相关(R²=0.817,n=6),而与有机磷细菌则没有明显的相关性(R²=0.008,n=6).     

生物炭与炭基肥对大豆根际土壤细菌和真菌群落的影响

土壤微生物在农田土壤生态系统中发挥重要作用,然而秸秆生物炭与炭基肥处理对微生物群落的影响以及对农田生态环境的意义尚不清楚.以黄淮海平原豆-麦轮作为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR和Illumina高通量测序技术比较不同施肥方式对土壤细菌和真菌群落的丰度、组成和多样性差异,探究秸秆还田、生物炭以及炭基肥添加对根际土壤微生物群...     

光合细菌改善Cd、Pb及呋喃丹污染土壤的微生物群落DNA序列多样性的研究

应用DNA随机扩增多态性(RAPD)分子标记技术研究了光合细菌(PSB)对Cd、Pb及呋喃丹污染土壤的微生物群落DNA序列多样性的影响.结果表明,Cd、Pb及呋喃丹单一污染或3者复合污染土壤的微生物群落DNA序列的丰富度相对对照土样(S0)都有不同程度的增加,受Cd、Pb或呋哺丹污染,可能会引起土壤微生物群落DNA序列...     

Implication of zinc excess on soil health

This study was undertaken to evaluate zinc's influence on the resistance of organotrophic bacteria, actinomyces, fungi, dehydrogenases, catalase and urease. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of the University of Warmia and Mazury (UWM) in Olsztyn, Poland. Plastic pots were filled with 3 kg of sandy loam with pH_KCl – 7.0 each. The experimental variables were: zinc applied to soil at six doses: 100, 300, 600, 1,200, 2,400 and 4,800 mg of Zn²⁺ kg^?1 in the form of ZnCl₂ (zinc chloride), and species of plant: oat (Avena sativa L.) cv. Chwat and white mustard (Sinapis alba) cv. Rota. Soil without the addition of zinc served as the control. During the growing season, soil samples were subjected to microbiological analyses on experimental days 25 and 50 to determine the abundance of organotrophic bacteria, actinomyces and fungi, and the activity of dehydrogenases, catalase and urease, which provided a basis for determining the soil resistance index (RS). The physicochemical properties of soil were determined after harvest. The results of this study indicate that excessive concentrations of zinc have an adverse impact on microbial growth and the activity of soil enzymes. The resistance of organotrophic bacteria, actinomyces, fungi, dehydrogenases, catalase and urease decreased with an increase in the degree of soil contamination with zinc. Dehydrogenases were most sensitive and urease was least sensitive to soil contamination with zinc. Zinc also exerted an adverse influence on the physicochemical properties of soil and plant development. The growth of oat and white mustard plants was almost completely inhibited in response to the highest zinc doses of 2,400 and 4,800 mg Zn²⁺ kg^?1.     

Assessment of boscalid and pyraclostrobin disappearance and behavior following application of effective microorganisms on apples

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to assess the disappearance of boscalid (IUPAC name: 2-chloro-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)phenyl]pyridine-3-carboxamide) and pyraclostrobin (IUPAC name: methyl N-[2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl]phenyl]-N-methoxycarbamate) residues in apple fruit, and to verify whether an organic fertilizer enriched with strains of antagonistic microorganisms can reduce pesticide residue levels. Field trials were conducted in a commercial orchard on apples of the Gloster variety, during 21 days after the treatment with Bellis 38 WG and the subsequent application of Zumba Plant formulation containing Bacillus spp., Trichoderma spp. and Glomus spp. In control samples, the decrease rate of boscalid and pyraclostrobin residue levels followed an exponential function, described by formulae R_t = 0.2824e^?0.071t and R_t = 0.1176e^?0.060t, with the coefficient of determination of r² = 0.8692 and r² = 0.9268, respectively. These levels dropped to half (t_1/2) of their initial values after 9.8 and 11.5 days, respectively. The treatment with Zumba Plant resulted in a reduction in boscalid and pyraclostrobin residue levels by 52% and 41%, respectively. The results of this study are of importance for horticulture sciences and for producers of apples using plant protection products (PPPs).     

EM生物膜强化处理垃圾渗滤液

将有效微生物菌剂(EM)接种于生物接触氧化反应器形成强化生物膜,并通过EM对废水中营养物的摄取情况分析EM的生长繁殖状况,分生物膜启动和运行2个阶段对EM生物膜的处理效果及运行机理进行了研究.结果表明,EM生物膜启动时间短,接种后第3天有淡黄色粘膜出现,反应进行至12 d填料上已经形成较为完善的生物膜;EM生物膜在启动阶段对渗滤液废水有较好的处理效果,废水的恶臭问题得到显著改善,色度也明显降低;启动阶段EM的培养特征与单种细菌的分批培养特征类似,依次出现缓速期、对数期和静止期;EM生物膜运行阶段状况稳定,至最佳水力停留时间48 h,典型污染物指标COD、NH3-N的去除率分别达到71.25％和86.16％,能有效地处理垃圾渗滤液.     

进口高效菌用于青藏铁路污水处理应急保障的可行性研究

青藏铁路沿线污水处理安全运营保障体系中,应急状态下需要大量的接种备用活性污泥。在实验室研究基础上,考察了进口高效菌低温低压条件下对污染物的处理能力,最后将其应用到拉萨污水处理厂实际工程。实验室研究及实际对比实验结果表明,高效菌在低温低压下的处理性能和青藏高原实际的活性污泥性能基本相当,如与微生物固定化技术结合使用,可大大增加强化生化处理的效果。进口高效菌具有微生物活性高、培养时间短、保存携带方便,能快速提升生化系统处理能力的优点,可满足青藏线污水处理设施应急状态下处理能力快速提升和安全稳定运行的需要。