Disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool water: Detection and human lifetime health risk assessment

Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water, as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China. In this study, the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g., haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined. The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water. Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated. Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks. For the first time, buccal and aural exposure were considered, and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9% of total risk). The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10⁻⁶ of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk (7.82 × 10⁻⁵). These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.     

中国实现碳减排双控目标的可行性及最优路径——能源结构优化的视角

基于能源结构优化视角对中国实现碳强度和碳峰值"双控"目标的可行性及最优路径进行分析.首先构建马尔科夫链和多目标优化模型，分别从自然演进、政策约束和成本约束角度预测能源消费结构；其次，将3种能源消费结构情景与3种经济发展情景结合，共得到9种综合情景下碳强度和碳峰值预测结果，判定各情景实现"双控"目标的可行性；最后，采用多属性决策模型分析"双控"目标的最优路径.结果表明，9种情景下，中国均可实现2020年和2030年的碳强度目标；然而，并非所有情景都能实现2030年碳排放达峰目标，经济发展速度与实现碳排放达峰目标的难易程度成反比.经济中速发展及减排政策约束下的能源结构调整情景是实现"双控"目标的最优路径，减排政策是"双控"目标顺利实现的关键所在.     

苏州河水环境污染现状分析

根据水文、水质和污染调查结果，分析了苏州河水质和污染现状和综合环境质量，提出了影响苏州河水的８项主要环境问题；严重的有机污染；底泥对水质的污染；支流对干流的污染；上游来水水质；合流污水系统的溢流；河道不利的水动力条件；航运影响；沿岸景观和陆域布局不合理等。根据这些分析，作者从苏州河的功能定位和治理目标出发，提出了苏州河水环境综合整治的原则设想。     

Fenton oxidation of 2, 4-and 2, 6-dinitrotoluene and acetone inhibition

The performances and kinetic parameters of Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in water-acetone mixtures and explosive contaminated soil washing-out solutions were investigated at a laboratory scale. The experimental results show that acetone can be a significant hydroxyl radical scavenger and result in serious inhibition of Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT. Although no serious inhibition was found in contaminated soil washing-out solutions, longer reaction time was needed to remove 2,4- and 2,6-DNT completely, mainly due to the competition of hydroxyl radicals. Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT fit well with the first-order kinetics and the presence of acetone also reduced DNT’s degradation kinetics. Based on the comparison and matching of retention time and ultraviolet (UV) spectra between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and standards, the following reaction pathway for 2,4-DNT primary degradation was proposed: 2,4-DNT → 2,4-dinitro-benzaldehyde → 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid → 1,3-dinitrobenzene → 3-nitrophenol.     

京津冀钢铁行业节能、SO2、NOx、PM2.5和水协同控制

建立自下而上的综合动态优化模型,在节能、大气污染物（SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5）减排和节水的综合约束下,研究京津冀地区2015~2030年钢铁行业48项节能减排技术优化发展路径,并预测该地区钢铁行业能耗、大气污染物排放和水耗.结果表明,国家应优先鼓励推广干熄焦,小球烧结技术等22项技术,此类技术可以有效协同控制能耗、大气污染物排放和水耗.京津冀地区钢铁行业具有很大的节能、大气污染物减排和节水潜力,到2030年在实现大量节能、大气污染物减排潜力的同时可以实现节水10.08亿m³.虽然计算得到的购水成本仅约占总成本的2%,但是京津冀地区面临着严重大气污染和极度的水资源短缺问题,仍然需要兼顾节能减排技术对水资源的影响.     

浅水体浮萍污水净化系统的除氮途径

以稀释的猪场厌氧污水为供试水样,少根紫萍为供试生物材料,对夏、冬2季浅水体浮萍污水净化系统TN、NH4 -N和NOx--N(NO2--N与NO3--N之和)的去除途径进行了试验研究。结果表明,在夏季气温条件下,TN通过气态氨挥发、浮萍系统吸收/吸附NH4 -N和NOx--N得以去除,3途径去除的N分别占TN去除量的30.5%、15.9%和53.6%;NH4 -N通过气态氨挥发、浮萍系统吸收/吸附和硝化反应得以去除,3途径去除的N分别占NH4 -N总去除量的33.1%、17.3%和49.6%;NOx--N则完全通过浮萍系统吸收/吸附得以去除。在冬季气温条件下,TN通过气态氨挥发和浮萍系统吸收/吸附NH4 -N得以去除,2途径去除的N分别占TN去除量的31.7%和68.3%;NH4 -N通过气态氨挥发、浮萍系统吸收/吸附和硝化反应得以去除,3途径去除的N分别占NH4 -N总去除量的28.9%、69.5%和1.6%;而水体中的NOx--N含量始终保持稳定。     

有机污染物生物降解途径的理论预测

本文报道了一个可用于有的生物降解途径理论预测的软件包，应用ＣＮ－ＤＯ／２方法计算分子的结构参数，经过解析结构参数给出有机污染理论上可能遵循的生物降解途径。     

百菌清污染土壤生物修复研究进展

针对百菌清具有在土壤中药效稳定、不易分解、代谢周期长、长期大量施加导致土壤严重污染等特点和问题,简要介绍了百菌清的毒性作用机制。总结了降解土壤中百菌清的物理法、化学法和生物法的原理及优缺点。重点阐述了生物修复百菌清污染土壤的主要降解菌株及其效果、降解途径以及降解产物及其毒性,分析了土壤性质、微生物种类、温度、土壤含水率等因素对百菌清降解效果的影响。指出今后的研究重点应为降解中间产物的毒性分析及其进一步的降解与转化问题,而复合菌制剂或多酶复合体系可实现百菌清的彻底降解和无害化。     

镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)对2,4,6-三氯苯酚的降解特性及其机制

为了解镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚(TCP)的因素影响规律,研究了温度、p H、外加碳源、氮源、氯离子及TCP浓度对其降解特性的影响,分析了其降解动力学与降解途径.结论:镰刀菌能以TCP为唯一碳源和能源物质进行生长繁殖,TCP降解最适条件为:氮源Na NO3(0.2 g·L~(-1)),30℃,p H=6~7.外加碳源葡萄糖对降解TCP具有明显的抑制作用.氯离子浓度低于0.2 g·L~(-1)时对降解TCP具有一定的促进作用,但随着氯离子浓度的增加,TCP的降解受到了抑制.镰刀菌对TCP降解速率随着其浓度的升高而减缓.镰刀菌能降解10~50 mg·L~(-1)的TCP,其降解反应符合零级降解动力学方程.镰刀菌降解TCP过程中检测到2,6-二氯苯酚(RT 12.521 min),可推测TCP是通过2,6-二氯苯酚途径进行降解的.     

臭氧氧化水中2,4,6-三氯酚的反应机理研究

研究了臭氧氧化对2,4,6-三氯酚的去除效果,以及氧化过程中过氧化氢、氯离子、甲酸和乙二酸的变化情况,探讨了臭氧氧化2,4,6-三氯酚的反应机理和反应途径.实验结果表明,如果溶液中没有自由基清除剂,在臭氧投加量为24mg·L~(-1)时,0·1mmol·L~(-1)的2,4,6-三氯酚在6min内,去除率可达99%.臭氧分子氧化2,4,6-三氯酚的过程中产生过氧化氢,检测到的过氧化氢的最大摩尔浓度为初始2,4,6-三氯酚摩尔浓度的22·5%.中间产物过氧化氢随后和臭氧反应生成大量的羟基自由基,此时2,4,6-三氯酚是被臭氧和羟基自由基联合氧化,生成甲酸和乙二酸.当溶液中含有大量的自由基清除剂时,2,4,6-三氯酚首先被臭氧分子氧化成黄色的氯代对苯醌,然后氧化成甲酸和乙二酸.臭氧氧化2,4,6-三氯酚存在臭氧分子氧化以及O3/OH·联合氧化两种反应途径.