Characterization of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from the ozonation of ranitidine

N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) is an emerging disinfection by-product which is formed during water disinfection in the presence of amine-based precursors. Ranitidine, as one kind of amine-based pharmaceuticals, has been identified as NDMA precursor with high NDMA molar conversion during chloramination. This study focused on the characterization of NDMA formation during ozonation of ranitidine. Influences of operational variables(ozone dose, pH value) and water matrix on NDMA generation as well as ranitidine degradation were evaluated. The results indicate high reactivity of ranitidine with ozone.Dimethylamine(DMA) and NDMA were generated due to ranitidine oxidation. High pH value caused more NDMA accumulation. NDMA formation was inhibited under acid conditions(pH ≤ 5) mainly due to the protonation of amines. Water matrix such as HCO-3and humic acid impacted NDMA generation due to UOH scavenging. Compared with UOH,ozone molecules dominated the productions of DMA and NDMA. However, UOH was a critical factor in NDMA degradation. Transformation products of ranitidine during ozonation were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Among these products, just DMA and N,N-dimethylformamide could contribute to NDMA formation due to the DMA group in the molecular structures. The NDMA formation pathway from ranitidine ozonation was also proposed.     

运城市PM2.5时空分布特征和潜在源区季节分析

基于2019年3月～2020年2月环境空气质量监测数据,分析了运城市PM_2.5污染的时空分布特征,并利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型和聚类分析等方法探讨不同季节运城市PM_2.5污染的输送路径和潜在源区.结果表明,运城市ρ(PM_2.5)冬季最高(111.24μg·m^-3),夏季最低(30.02μg·m^-3),PM_2.5/PM₁₀秋冬季均大于0.6,表明运城市秋冬两季颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主;空间上ρ(PM_2.5)年均值呈现北部和中部高、东部和西部低的分布特征,高值区PM_2.5与SO₂、 NO₂和CO呈显著强相关,表明本地排放对高值区ρ(PM_2.5)影响较大,春季和冬季最高值分别位于河津市(58.50μg·m^-3)和稷山县(142.33μg·m^-3),夏季最高值位于南部的平陆县(36.92...     

一株菲降解菌的特性及相关降解基因的克隆

从石油污染土壤中分离到一株菲降解菌2F5-2.根据该菌株生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列相似性分析,将其初步鉴定为鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobium sp.).该菌株在10 h内对100 mg/L的菲的降解率为100%.降解菲的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.对降解途径的初步研究显示,该菌株通过水杨酸途径降解菲.克隆了编码芳香烃双加氧酶α亚基的基因phdA,它与菌株Sphingomonas sp.P2、Sphingobium yanoikuyae B1、Sphingomonas sp.ZP1中phdA的同源性分别为97.9%、98%和100%,表明该基因具有保守性.图6参16     

大气细颗粒物对CHO细胞的损伤作用及天然物质的拮抗机制

PM2.5引起的健康危害日益受到广泛关注,但其确切的损伤机理仍不完全清楚,目前也缺乏有效拮抗PM2.5损伤的天然活性物质。因此本文对北京市PM2.5造成CHO细胞的损伤作用及天然物质的拮抗作用进行研究,结果可为PM2.5污染治理和疾病的预防提供科学依据。通过CCK-8法测定细胞存活率;通过流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡;用荧光探针DCFH-DA法测定ROS;提取细胞内总蛋白并测定其中SOD含量;以及通过Western Blot法分别测定了p-akt/akt、p65及Bad的相对表达量。结果显示:(1)10~40μg·m L-1的PM2.5可明显降低CHO细胞存活率,并呈现极显著的剂量-效应关系(r=-0.964,P0.01);15μg·m L-1PM2.5可以显著增加细胞凋亡、引起细胞内ROS增加、SOD含量下降;p-akt/akt、p65表达量增加说明Akt通路与NF-κB通路均被激活。(2)20μmol·L-1阿魏酸、50μmol·L-1绿原酸和10μmol·L-1荭草素预处理可拮抗PM2.5引起的细胞存活率下降以及细胞凋亡率增加,同时降低细胞内ROS并增加SOD含量,下调p-akt/akt、p65及Bad的相对表达量。其中20μmol·L-1阿魏酸的保护作用最佳。结果说明,PM2.5引起的CHO细胞损伤与细胞凋亡与Akt和NF-κB通路的激活有关;三种天然活性物质具有拮抗PM2.5造成的细胞损伤的能力,其保护机理是通过其降低PM2.5引起的细胞内氧化应激反应,进而降低被PM2.5激活的Akt通路与NF-κB通路和下调Bad蛋白表达量来实现的。     

A2/O短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化系统构建与脱氮特性

针对现有城市污水处理厂普遍面临进水碳源不足影响脱氮效率的问题,通过调控A²/O系统曝气分区比例、溶解氧(DO)浓度和污泥龄(SRT)构建短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化系统,以研究不同工况下该系统的脱氮性能、脱氮途径和微生物种群结构的变化情况.研究结果表明在低C/N进水(C/N=5)情况下,该系统具有稳定优良的脱氮性能.在140 d试验过程中,反应器经历了氨氧化细菌(AOB)、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)共培养阶段(阶段Ⅰ)、AOB筛分阶段(阶段Ⅱ～Ⅲ)与厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB)富集阶段(阶段Ⅳ),系统的脱氮途径也由初始的全程硝化反硝化逐步转化为短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮;系统的脱氮效率在阶段Ⅳ达到最佳状态,此时该系统出水NH⁺₄-N和TN的平均浓度分别为1.20 mg·L^-1和7.03mg·L^-1,其对应的去除率分别为97.69%和87.83%;Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化的系统中Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira这两类AOB的富集...     

赤泥活化过一硫酸盐降解环丙沙星:性能和机制

为提高赤泥的综合利用及抗生素有机废水的深度处理,以赤泥(red mud,RM)为催化剂、环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)为目标污染物,系统研究了RM活化过一硫酸盐(peroxymonosulfate,PMS)降解CIP的效果和机制.结果表明,含有Fe、Al和Ca等金属氧化物,具有较大比表面积(10.96 m²·g^-1)和复杂孔道结构的RM能够有效增强PMS对CIP的降解速率和效果.自由基捕获剂甲醇、叔丁醇和苯酚的抑制实验结果进一步说明,体系产生的SO^-₄·和HO·在RM表面与CIP发生氧化反应.温度、PMS浓度和RM投加量影响CIP的降解.温度升高反应速度加快,反应活化能为5.74 kJ·mol^-1; PMS浓度增加,体系产生更多SO^-₄·和HO·,CIP的降解率升高; RM存在最佳投加量1.0 g·L^-1. HPLC/MS/MS共检测到8种降解产物,CIP分子中的哌嗪环易受活性物质进攻,CIP主要...     

Social comfort zones for transformative conservation decisions in a changing climate

Novel management interventions intended to mitigate the impacts of climate change on biodiversity are increasingly being considered by scientists and practitioners. However, resistance to more transformative interventions remains common across both specialist and lay communities and is generally assumed to be strongly entrenched. We used a decision-pathways survey of the public in Canada and the United States (n = 1490) to test two propositions relating to climate-motivated interventions for conservation: most public groups are uncomfortable with interventionist options for conserving biodiversity and given the strong values basis for preferences regarding biodiversity and natural systems more broadly, people are unlikely to change their minds. Our pathways design tested and retested levels of comfort with interventions for forest ecosystems at three different points in the survey. Comfort was reexamined given different nudges (including new information from trusted experts) and in reference to a particular species (bristlecone pine [Pinus longaeva]). In contrast with expectations of public unease, baseline levels of public comfort with climate interventions in forests was moderately high (46% comfortable) and increased further when respondents were given new information and the opportunity to change their choice after consideration of a particular species. People who were initially comfortable with interventions tended to remain so (79%), whereas 42% of those who were initially uncomfortable and 40% of those who were uncertain shifted to comfortable by the end of the survey. In short and across questions, comfort levels with interventions were high, and where discomfort or uncertainty existed, such positions did not appear to be strongly held. We argue that a new decision logic, one based on anthropogenic responsibility, is beginning to replace a default reluctance to intervene with nature.     

Photolysis pathway of nitroaromatic compounds in aqueous solutions in the UV/H2O2 process

IntroductionNitrobenzene (NB) was mainly used in theproduction of aniline, also used as a solvent inpetroleum refining, as well as used in the manufactureof other organic compounds such as dinitrobenzenes,dichloroanilines and acetaminophen (WHO, 2003).Nit…     

铜绿假单胞菌降解菲的产物鉴定及代谢过程

研究了1株能快速降解疏水性化合物的铜绿假单胞菌NY3对菲的降解机理。GC-MS分析表明,该菌代谢菲的各个阶段,能够被检测到的主要酸性产物有1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、α-萘酚、邻羟基苯基羰基乙酸、水杨酸、苯甲酸等。铜绿假单胞菌NY3经过一系列氧化代谢将菲转化为1-羟基-2-萘甲酸,进一步反应生成α-萘酚。由菲到1-羟基-2-萘甲酸,未检测到其他产物,说明该阶段产物被继续代谢的速度快,产物含量低不易积累。1-羟基-2-萘甲酸为体系中积累的唯一的主要代谢产物。尽管继续代谢速度慢,但它可以按照α-萘酚、邻羟基苯基羰基乙酸、水杨酸、苯甲酸途径被继续转化。NY3降解菲的代谢产物中未检测到二羟基萘、苯二酚等多羟基化合物,但羟基和羧基处于邻位的化合物,如1-羟基-2-萘甲酸和水杨酸有非常明显积累的趋势,α-萘酚和苯甲酸积累速度次之。     

Fe(VI)/Fenton联合体系氧化降解菲的路径及机理

Fe（VI）/Fenton联合体系降解多环芳烃的效果良好,但其机理及降解路径仍需进一步被探究.采用荧光及GC-MS技术,考察弱酸条件下Fe（VI）降解菲的效果,并对比中性及碱性条件研究其氧化机理,进而分析Fe（VI）/Fenton联合体系对菲的作用机理及菲的降解路径.结果表明,弱酸条件下Fe（VI）氧化菲时,·OH参与反应较少,起氧化作用的可能为中间高价态铁.在该条件下,Fe（VI）对菲的降解效果稍差于中性及碱性,但此时Fe（VI）的高氧化性能可提高菲的矿化效果.联合氧化体系中,菲逐步被氧化、羟基化、脱碳、加氢而最终转化为CO₂和H₂O,主要的中间产物为邻苯二甲酸酯衍生物和9-芴甲醛衍生物.联合氧化体系可合理利用Fe（VI）氧化过程中产生的Fe（II）,并发挥高价态铁与·OH在氧化性能上的优势,实现对菲及产物的降解与矿化.