陕晋蒙三角区自然环境面临的主要灾害及对策

陕晋蒙三角区是我国未来一个新能源基地,在全国具有重要的地位。本文从该区的特点出发,论述了自然环境的主要灾害及成因,进而提出了减灾的相应措施与建议。     

长江干支流输沙量减少趋势及其影响因素浅析

通过对长江干支流各主要水文控制站的多年径流量、输沙量、含沙量、中值粒径等水沙基本特征值的统计分析，表明在过去的近50年时间内，长江干支流的年径流量中心趋势不存在具有显著统计意义的变化，而输沙量、含沙量、中值粒径值均有明显的下降态势。以水库建设和水土保持为主的人类活动是长江干支流泥沙输移量减少趋势的重要影响因素，在20世纪90年代以前长江输沙量的减少主要是水库建设的影响，之后随着“长治”工程的展开则兼具了水库建设和水土保持的影响，未来水土保持工作对长江保水减沙的长期效益将更为显著。     

宁东能源化工基地大气PM2.5中硝基多环芳烃污染特征及呼吸暴露风险

利用大气主动采样技术对宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)中硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的污染特征、一次排放和二次形成源贡献及呼吸暴露风险进行了观测研究.结果表明,宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)中Σ _(12)NPAHs质量浓度在2. 06～37. 14ng·m~(-3)之间,其中基于能源产业的宝丰采样点冬、夏季采样期Σ _(12)NPAHs的平均质量浓度分别为(25. 57±5. 76) ng·m~(-3)和(6. 22±1. 74) ng·m~(-3).以化工、电力产业为主的英力特采样点冬、夏季Σ _(12)NPAHs平均质量浓度分别为(7. 13±1. 44)ng·m~(-3)和(2. 58±0. 39) ng·m~(-3),两采样点均表现出冬季高于夏季的季节特征,推测为冬季取暖造成较高的NPAHs一次排放所致.宝丰采样点Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度水平明显高于英力特,可能与宝丰的煤炭开采及焦炭生产的能源产业较化工产业造成更高的NPAHs一次排放相关,因而造成了Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度水平的空间差异.两个采样点PM_(2.5)中Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度的夜昼比表明,夏季Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度日间明显高于夜间而冬季则相反,表明夏季日间较夜间存在更活跃的大气光化学反应,较夜间贡献更多二次形成的NPAHs. NPAHs族谱特征的时空差异表现为:宝丰和英力特采样点冬夏季均以一次排放标识物2N-FLO和6N-CHR为主要占比,其中宝丰采样点冬季2N-FLO和6N-CHR总占比为46%,夏季为73%,英力特采样点冬季总占为59%,夏季为55%.但英力特采样点夏季二次形成的标识物3N-PHE浓度占比较宝丰更高,表明基于化工产业的英力特较宝丰存在更高的前体物排放,由此贡献更多二次形成的NPAHs.本研究还借助Σ _(12)NPAHs/Σ _(16)PAHs比值对NPAHs可能的来源贡献进行了分析研究,结果表明宁东能源化工基地夏季较高的温度促进了PAHs的降解以及NPAHs的二次形成,较冬季贡献更多二次形成源的NPAHs.基于BaP等效毒性因子评价法估算了PM_(2.5)中Σ _5NPAHs的呼吸暴露肺癌风险,结果表明,宝丰采样点PM_(2.5)中Σ _5NPAHs的肺癌风险值冬季为(3. 06×10~(-5)±1. 36×10~(-5)),夏季为(1. 79×10~(-5)±0. 80×10~(-5)),英力特采样点冬季为(2. 85×10~(-5)±1. 20×10~(-5)),夏季为(1. 86×10~(-5)±0. 83×10~(-5)).宝丰和英力特肺癌风险值均高于Cal/EPA规定的1. 00×10~(-5)的限值,表明宁东能源化工基地人群存在一定程度的大气PM_(2.5)中NPAHs呼吸暴露肺癌风险.     

重点煤电基地大气污染物扩散对京津冀的影响

基于排放源清单,采用空气质量模式CAMx模拟现状情景下,鄂尔多斯、宁东与锡林格勒排放污染物扩散对京津冀地区的影响.结合3地区已批复环境影响报告、规划环评与战略环评等污染物排放数据,估算未来情景下3地区能源基地污染物排放对京津冀的影响.结果表明：现状情景下,3地区排放的PM_2.5、SO₂与NO_x对京津冀的贡献浓度范围分别为0.079~1.134,0.012~0.633,0.008~0.852μg/m³,冬季对京津冀地区的影响要高于夏季,对京津冀地区冬季的平均贡献浓度值为0.710,0.339与0.413μg/m³,影响较大的京津冀城市为衡水市、石家庄市、邢台市、邯郸市与保定市;未来情景下3地区能源基地排放的PM_2.5、SO₂与NO_x对京津冀城市浓度贡献范围分别为0.049~0.773,0.003~0.176,0.008~0.731μg/m³,冬季平均贡献浓度值为0.475,0.096与0.357μg/m³.     

我军"基地化宿营保障系统"建设初探

野营保障在后勤保障领域中地位特殊,是其他保障展开的基础和依托,如何适应现代战争体系作战的要求,实现体系化野营保障,是当今世界军事强国在后勤领域内的研究重点,针对此,通过研究美军"力量提供者系统"、俄军"自主式野战军营系统"和国内"救灾生活系统"等基地化宿营保障系统的研制目标、模块组成和使用情况,并从保障规模设置、功能模块组成、储运条件、保障力量设置与编程和主要运用场景及程序等方面,提出了我军基地化宿营保障系统建设的构想,旨在为提升我军野战条件下宿营保障的质量和效益进行探索。     

Demographic Consequences of Terrestrial Habitat Loss for Pool‐Breeding Amphibians: Predicting Extinction Risks Associated with Inadequate Size of Buffer Zones

Abstract: Much of the biodiversity associated with isolated wetlands requires aquatic and terrestrial habitat to maintain viable populations. Current federal wetland regulations in the United States do not protect isolated wetlands or extend protection to surrounding terrestrial habitat. Consequently, some land managers, city planners, and policy makers at the state and local levels are making an effort to protect these wetland and neighboring upland habitats. Balancing human land‐use and habitat conservation is challenging, and well‐informed land‐use policy is hindered by a lack of knowledge of the specific risks of varying amounts of habitat loss. Using projections of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) populations, we related the amount of high‐quality terrestrial habitat surrounding isolated wetlands to the decline and risk of extinction of local amphibian populations. These simulations showed that current state‐level wetland regulations protecting 30 m or less of surrounding terrestrial habitat are inadequate to support viable populations of pool‐breeding amphibians. We also found that species with different life‐history strategies responded differently to the loss and degradation of terrestrial habitat. The wood frog, with a short life span and high fecundity, was most sensitive to habitat loss and isolation, whereas the longer‐lived spotted salamander with lower fecundity was most sensitive to habitat degradation that lowered adult survival rates. Our model results demonstrate that a high probability of local amphibian population persistence requires sufficient terrestrial habitat, the maintenance of habitat quality, and connectivity among local populations. Our results emphasize the essential role of adequate terrestrial habitat to the maintenance of wetland biodiversity and ecosystem function and offer a means of quantifying the risks associated with terrestrial habitat loss and degradation.     

长江流域粮食资源及生产发展方向

论述长江流域发展粮食生产的重要性，分析粮食资源分布，生产状况，生产结构和地域差异，指出粮食合理布局的方向，提出以粮食集中产区为重点，建设长江流域粮食生产专业化地并以建设商品粮基地为建带突破口。     

Extinction risk of the endemic vascular flora of Kauai,Hawaii, based on IUCN assessments

The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List) is the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of species. Governmental agencies and conservation organizations increasingly rely on IUCN Red List assessments to develop conservation policies and priorities. Funding agencies use the assessments as evaluation criteria, and researchers use meta-analysis of red-list data to address fundamental and applied conservation science questions. However, the circa 143,000 IUCN assessments represent a fraction of the world's biodiversity and are biased in regional and organismal coverage. These biases may affect conservation priorities, funding, and uses of these data to understand global patterns. Isolated oceanic islands are characterized by high endemicity, but the unique biodiversity of many islands is experiencing high extinction rates. The archipelago of Hawaii has one of the highest levels of endemism of any floristic region; 90% of its 1367 native vascular plant taxa are classified as endemic. We used the IUCN's assessment of the complete single-island endemic (SIE) vascular plant flora of Kauai, Hawaii, to assess the proportion and drivers of decline of threatened plants in an oceanic island setting. We compared the IUCN assessments with federal, state, and other local assessments of Kauai species or taxa of conservation concern. Finally, we conducted a preliminary assessment for all 1044 native vascular plants of Hawaii based on IUCN criterion B by estimating area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and number of locations to determine whether the pattern found for the SIE vascular flora of Kauai is comparable to the native vascular flora of the Hawaiian Islands. We compared our results with patterns observed for assessments of other floras. According to IUCN, 256 SIE vascular plant taxa are threatened with extinction and 5% are already extinct. This is the highest extinction risk reported for any flora to date. The preliminary assessment of the native vascular flora of Hawaii showed that 72% (753 taxa) is threatened. The flora of Hawaii may be one of the world's most threatened; thus, increased and novel conservation measures in the state and on other remote oceanic islands are urgently needed.     

润滑油基础油在储运过程中可能产生的危害和对策

分析了润滑油基础油在储运过程中,油品质量可能产生的不良变化和对周围环境造成的危害.针对这些危害提出了解决的对策.     

Titration Curves: A Useful Instrument for Assessing the Buffer Systems of Acidic Mining Waters (10 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope The acidification of mine waters is generally caused by metal sulfide oxidation, related to mining activities. These waters are characterized by low pH and high acidity due to strong buffering systems. The standard acidity parameter, the Base Neutralization Capacity (BNC) is determined by endpoint titration, and reflects a cumulative parameter of both hydrogen ions and all buffering systems, but does not give information on the individual buffer systems. We demonstrate that a detailed interpretation of titration curves can provide information about the strength of the buffering systems. The buffering systems are of importance for environmental studies and treatment of acidic mining waters. Methods Titrations were carried out by means of an automatic titrator using acidic mining waters from Germany and Canada. The curves were interpreted, compared with each other, to endpoint titration results and to elemental concentrations contained therein. Results and Discussion The titration curves were highly reproducible, and contained information about the strength of the buffer systems present. Interpretations are given, and the classification and comparison of acidic mining waters, by the nature and strength of their buffering systems derived from titration curves are discussed. The BNC-values calculated from the curves were more precise than the ones determined by the standard endpoint titration method. Due to the complex buffer mechanisms in acidic mining waters, the calculation of major metal concentrations from the shape of the titration curve resulted in estimates, which should not be confused with precise elemental analysis results. Conclusion Titration curves provide an inexpensive, valuable and versatile tool, by which to obtain sophisticated information of the acidity in acidic water. The information about the strength of the present buffer systems can help to understand and document the complex nature of acidic mining water buffer systems. Finally, the interpretation of titration curves could help to improve treatment measurements and the ecological understanding of these acidic waters.