改性水凝胶的制备及其对Pb2+、Cd2+吸附性能研究

采用60Co-γ射线低温辐射技术,以丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)和N-乙烯基甲酰胺(NVF)为共聚单体,合成了一种新型共聚物水凝胶:聚(丙烯酸羟乙酯/N-乙烯基甲酰胺)[p(HEA/NVF)],并采用三乙烯四胺(TETA)对其进行胺化改性,制得一改性水凝胶:聚(丙烯酸羟乙酯/N-乙烯基甲酰胺)-三乙烯四胺[p(H/V)-T].对制备的p(HEA/NVF)凝胶进行了SEM分析和FTIR分析,并对改性后的p(H/V)-T进行XPS分析及FTIR分析.研究了改性前后水凝胶对重金属Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附性能,改性后水凝胶对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附动力学,以及重金属离子初始浓度、pH值等对改性凝胶吸附性能的影响,并对吸附重金属前后的水凝胶进行电子能谱分析.SEM分析表明,p(HEA/NVF)水凝胶是一种具有多孔结构的高分子材料;吸附实验结果表明,相比较p(HEA/NVF),p(H/V)-T对Pb2+的吸附量增加了700%,对Cd2+的吸附量增加了600%;p(H/V)-T对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附量随着pH的升高而增加,吸附过程满足准二级动力学方程,并均能较好地符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附模型(R2>0.95);红外分析证实,HEA和NVF已成功聚合为一新型共聚物水凝胶,且多胺基团已被成功地接于共聚物水凝胶表面;XPS分析得出,改性后水凝胶p(H/V)-T对重金属Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附机制为两者之间的螯合作用.     

硅改性生物炭吸附水中Cd(Ⅱ)机理的量化分析

以纳米二氧化硅为硅源制备硅改性生物炭,利用吸附动力学、吸附等温线及SEM-EDS、XRD、FTIR、XPS等表征研究硅改性生物炭对水中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理,并定量分析各种吸附机制的贡献率.结果表明,当添加SiO₂质量比为0.5%时制备的生物炭(0.5SiBC)吸附Cd(Ⅱ)效果最佳,最大吸附量为132.64 mg·g^-1,是未改性生物炭(BC)的1.56倍;0.5SiBC对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附过程符合拟二级动力学和Freundlich模型,其吸附过程属于化学吸附;XRD、FTIR和XPS等结果表明,0.5SiBC吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的机理主要有矿物质沉淀、离子交换作用和络合作用,各种机理贡献率依次为：矿物质沉淀(46.61%)>离子交换(33.79%)>其他机理(18.36%)>络合作用(1.24%);0.5SiBC对Cd(Ⅱ)的离子交换和矿物质沉淀量比BC分别提高133.80%和41.46%,硅改性主要通过提高生物炭的离子交换和矿物质沉淀能力来提高吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的能力.研究表明,硅改性生物炭作为去除水溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附剂具有较好的...     

3种典型多孔高温改性固废材料对磺胺二甲嘧啶的吸附特性

以畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆和采煤废弃物这3种典型多孔固体废料为原料,用低氧控温炭化法制成牛粪炭和秸秆炭以及用煅烧后的煤矸石炭对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)进行批处理吸附实验.通过吸附动力学和等温吸附平衡研究牛粪炭、秸秆炭和煤矸石炭对SMZ的吸附特性,并结合FE-SEM、 FT-IR、 Boehm滴定、 BET及Zeta电位滴定分析表征手段探讨了其吸附机制.结果表明, 3种炭材料对SMZ的吸附在24 h时基本达到平衡. 3种炭材料对SMZ的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学方程,R~2在0.996 8～0.999 9之间,吸附速率随着炭材料表面有效吸附位点的减少而减小.吸附过程主要由膜扩散、颗粒内扩散和平衡阶段这3个步骤组成,颗粒内扩散和膜扩散共同控制吸附速率.等温吸附数据更符合Freundlich模型,R~2在0.987 4～0.999 7之间,主要为物理吸附,是自发的放热反应. 3种炭材料的最大吸附量依次为牛粪炭(19.64 mg·g~(-1))煤矸石炭(12.06 mg·g~(-1))秸秆炭(9.16 mg·g~(-1)).SMZ在3种炭材料上的吸附机制主要有:分子间的氢键作用、多分子层的表面静电吸附作用和孔隙填充等.其中,静电吸附为主要吸附机制.牛粪炭吸附性能最佳可能是由于其具有较为丰富的含氧官能团、较多的负电荷和较大的比表面积和孔容.     

改性煤矸石对上覆水磷及底泥磷代谢关键基因的影响

将热活化煤矸石和镧改性煤矸石应用于封闭水体除磷固磷试验,采用16SrRNA高通量测序技术分析底泥微生态群落结构、聚磷细菌和磷代谢功能基因的变化.结果表明：镧改性煤矸石对上覆水TP的去除能力最高,稳定期上覆水TP浓度为0.023~0.028mg/L,较对照组低83.5%以上,热活化煤矸石对上覆水TP的去除能力较差,稳定期上覆水TP浓度为0.15mg/L左右,略低于对照组.热活化煤矸石和镧改性煤矸石均提高了底泥中微生物多样性,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）为底泥优势菌种.不同处理组底泥中聚磷细菌为Tetrasphaera和Candidatus_Accumulibacter,镧改性煤矸石显著降低了底泥中聚磷细菌的相对丰度.热活化煤矸石和镧改性煤矸石对多聚磷酸盐激酶（PPK）影响不大,但对外切聚磷酸酶（PPX）的抑制较大,热活化煤矸石抑制最大.     

臭氧和PM2.5对慢阻肺死亡影响及气温修饰效应

采用广义相加模型评估臭氧和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）暴露对2008~2017年上海浦东居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）死亡的超额危险度（ER）和寿命损失年（YLL）的影响.结果表明：臭氧污染集中在4~6月,PM_2.5污染集中在12月、1~2月,10a间臭氧浓度逐年增加,PM_2.5有小幅下降;在最大滞后效应下,臭氧每增加10μg/m³,ER和YLL分别为1.34%（95% CI：0.57%~2.12%）和54.98（95% CI：16.36~106.41）人·a;PM_2.5每增加10μg/m³,两者分别为2.66%（95% CI：1.54%~3.79%）和130.92（95% CI：42.47~274.28）人·a;臭氧对男性和<85岁人群影响显著,PM_2.5对女性和³85岁人群影响显著;暖季时臭氧暴露相关的COPD死亡风险更高,冷季时PM_2.5暴露相关的COPD死亡风险更高.臭氧和PM_2.5致COPD死亡的影响可能因气温水平而异.     

聚脲弹性体在不同条件下的退化行为及改性研究进展

首先介绍了聚脲弹性体的合成原料和合成机理,然后根据合成原料的不同,对聚脲弹性体进行了分类,简述了不同种类聚脲弹性体的特点。在此基础上,总结了聚脲弹性在温度、紫外光、腐蚀介质等单因素条件作用下的退变行为和在氯盐浸渍、干湿循环、荷载作用和冻融循环等多因素耦合作用条件下的退化行为。综述了提升聚脲弹性体防腐性能、力学性能和附着力的改性研究进展,最后指出了当前聚脲弹性体退化行为研究中存在的不足,并展望了未来的研究趋势。     

椰纤维生物炭及其硝酸改性对稻田土壤中Pb钝化的影响

通过土壤培养实验,并结合扫描电镜(SEM)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、同步辐射X射线荧光(μ-XRF)和傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)等光谱学技术,探明椰纤维生物炭(CFB)和硝酸改性椰纤维生物炭(NCFB)对稻田土壤钝化外源铅(Pb)的效果及其内在机制.与CFB相比,NCFB蜂窝状孔内壁更粗糙,且硝酸改性后CFB表面含C—O结构的醇酚醚类官能团量明显降低,含■结构的羧基类的官能团量明显增加.相较于培养150 d后的对照(不添加生物炭)稻田土壤,添加CFB和NCFB的稻田土壤中EDTA提取态Pb含量分别降低了39.7%和105.4%.添加NCFB的土壤中碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb含量显著降低且有机结合态和残渣态Pb含量则显著升高,SRXRF扫描结果可知外源Pb在富含Ca和Cu元素的CFB颗粒微区大量富集,在富含Fe、 Mn和Ti元素的土壤团聚体微区富集相对较少.另外,培养实验中,相较于无外源Pb时A-CFB和A-NCFB,有外源Pb时A-CFB_Pb和A-NCFB_Pb中的羧酸盐特征峰(1 384 cm^-1)...     

碳化三聚氰胺海绵制备及其光热重油吸附研究

在氩气气氛下,经高温煅烧三聚氰胺海绵(MS),制备了碳化三聚氰胺海绵(HMS),利用SEM、XPS、FI-IR对HMS的碳化情况进行分析,测定了海绵碳化前后的密度、亲水性、孔隙率、吸收光谱及压缩回弹性能.结果表明,MS部分碳化形成HMS,疏水性增强且亲油性不变,孔隙率略有降低,具有优异的吸光性能及机械性能.HMS海绵对轻质油品和重油吸附实验的结果显示:HMS海绵对轻质油品饱和吸附体积为92.20cm³/g;在一个太阳光(1kW/m²)照射下,HMS海绵温度快速升高,有效降低底面接触的重油粘度并加快吸附重油速度,吸附量高达99.1g/g左右;利用HMS海绵重复对重油进行10次吸附-挤压脱附,发现其对重油的饱和吸附量可保持在81.00 g/g以上.这些特性使得HMS海绵成为一种有前景的高效节能、可重复利用的石油泄漏吸附剂.     

Low-temperature plasma induced phosphate groups onto coffee residue-derived porous carbon for efficient U(VI) extraction

For the continuous utilization of nuclear energy and efficient control of radioactive pollution, low-cost materials with high efficient U(VI) removal are of great importance. In this study, low temperature plasma method was applied for the successful modification of O-phosphorylethanolamine (O-PEA) on the porous carbon materials. The produced materials (Cafe/O-PEA) could adsorb U(VI) efficiently with the maximum sorption capacity of 648.54 mg/g at 1 hr, T=298 K, and pH=6.0, much higher than those of most carbon-based composites. U(VI) sorption was mainly controlled by strong surface complexation. From FTIR, SEM-EDS and XPS analyses, the sorption of U(VI) was related to the complexation with -NH₂, phosphate and -OH groups on Cafe/O-PEA. The low temperature plasma method was an efficient, environmentally friendly and low-cost method for surface modification of materials for the effective enrichment of U(VI) from aqueous solutions.     

Effects of development of wind energy and associated changes in land use on bird densities in upland areas

Wind energy development is the most recent of many pressures on upland bird communities and their habitats. Studies of birds in relation to wind energy development have focused on effects of direct mortality, but the importance of indirect effects (e.g., displacement, habitat loss) on avian community diversity and stability is increasingly being recognized. We used a control-impact study in combination with a gradient design to assess the effects of wind farms on upland bird densities and on bird species grouped by habitat association (forest and open-habitat species). We conducted 506 point count surveys at 12 wind-farm and 12 control sites in Ireland during 2 breeding seasons (2012 and 2013). Total bird densities were lower at wind farms than at control sites, and the greatest differences occurred close to turbines. Densities of forest species were significantly lower within 100 m of turbines than at greater distances, and this difference was mediated by habitat modifications associated with wind-farm development. In particular, reductions in forest cover adjacent to turbines was linked to the observed decrease in densities of forest species. Open-habitat species’ densities were lower at wind farms but were not related to distance from turbines and were negatively related to size of the wind farm. This suggests that, for these species, wind-farm effects may occur at a landscape scale. Our findings indicate that the scale and intensity of the displacement effects of wind farms on upland birds depends on bird species’ habitat associations and that the observed effects are mediated by changes in land use associated with wind-farm construction. This highlights the importance of construction effects and siting of turbines, tracks, and other infrastructure in understanding the impacts of wind farms on biodiversity.