北京2015年大气细颗粒物的空间分布特征及变化规律

近年来,随着雾霾事件的频发,人们逐渐提高了对雾霾的关注度,PM_2.5作为其首要污染物对大气能见度及人体健康造成了严重影响.因此,本文利用2015年北京12个环境监测站点的PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO和O₃的浓度数据和气象数据,综合研究了北京2015年大气细颗粒物的空间变化特征及分布规律.同时,利用空间差异率（COD）统计方法评估了不同地区细颗粒物浓度的差异程度,并结合2015年2次特殊事件（春节和阅兵）,对大气污染特征及其与排放源控制的关系进行了深入对比分析.结果发现,重污染天气集中发生在秋冬季,且污染程度高、持续时间长.城区PM_2.5浓度比郊区高约12 μg·m^-3.东城区与对照区差异最大,COD值为0.24;东城区与西城区差异最小,COD值为0.05.春、夏、秋季颗粒物PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度日变化较为平稳,在中午有所升高,冬季颗粒物质量浓度明显呈现出夜间高于日间的污染模式.近3年PM_2.5与PM₁₀保持显著的相关性,但PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值呈降低趋势.阅兵期间采取的空气质量管控措施和气象要素共同作用导致PM_2.5浓度下降约72%,市中心的首要污染物为NO₂,郊区首要污染物为O₃和PM₁₀.春节期间烟花燃放对PM_2.5的瞬时贡献量很大,对比春节假期和非假期2个阶段的大气污染特征发现,人口和机动车减少及餐馆暂停营业并没有使北京局地空气质量得到明显改善.该研究结果提示在进行PM_2.5控制的同时也要对O₃浓度有所关注,同时也进一步支撑了北京空气质量改善需要京津冀协同控制这一重要结论.     

钙、氯对磷酸盐稳定污染土壤中铅的促进作用研究

为探讨促进磷酸盐稳定污染土壤中铅的方法,在全铅含量为517 mg·kg-1的铅冶炼污染土壤中加入5 mmol·kg-1磷酸盐,同时加入10mmol·kg-1硝酸钙或5 mmol·kg-1氯化钾,在15%或30%的含水率下培养40 d,之后种植黑麦草.结果表明,与单独施用磷酸盐相比,采用磷酸盐与钙、氯结合或增加培养期间的土壤含水率后,土壤DTPA-Pb含量下降3.92%~26.1%;对于同一添加剂处理,培养期间土壤含水率从15%增加到30%,土壤有效铅(DTPA-Pb)含量下降8.83%~24.4%.增加土壤含水率后,土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)含量均显著升高(p0.05).土壤铅的EXAFS分析表明,与未施用磷酸盐的对照相比,土壤中加入磷酸盐后矿物态铅的比例由57%上升至81%,加施钙、氯或增加土壤含水率后,多数处理矿物态铅的比例有所下降,而有机结合态铅比例上升.与对照相比,污染土壤中施用磷酸盐后,植物产量大幅增加,但施用钙、氯或增加培养期间含水率后,部分处理植物产量有所下降.以上结果表明,在铅冶炼污染土壤中加入磷酸盐时,加入钙、氯或者增加土壤含水率均有利于铅的稳定,但以上措施可能对植物生长产生不利影响.     

安徽省升金湖湿地土壤有机碳储存及分布

文章研究了安徽省升金湖湿地土壤有机碳储存和分布特征及其与土壤氮素的关系。结果表明,供试湿地土壤全土1m深有机碳密度达10.82±1.90kg.m-2,表层土壤(0—30cm)有机碳密度为5.19±0.68kg.m-2,高于报道的人工湿地——水稻土的碳密度;有机碳(SOC)含量分布随土壤深度(H)的递降符合幂函数方程,湿地土壤有机碳的表层积累强度和积累深度高于稻田;湿地土壤氮素是土壤固碳的有利因子,其氮素对土壤有机碳积累的效应高于水稻土;因湖泊沉积受河流动力学、土壤水分和植物生长条件的影响,湿地土壤有机碳含量存在显著的水平空间变异性。看来,长江中下游淡水湿地在陆地生态系统碳氮储存上具有重要意义。     

我国不同类型地下工程中的氡水平

为了解我国地下工程内氡的浓度水平及其可能对人体产生的危害,采用核固体径迹法,在不同季节对全国23个城市的234个地下工程测点的氡浓度进行了测量。根据工程的建筑类型及用途的不同,将所有被测工程分为坑道、干道(包括掘进式地道工程)、地下室(高层建筑地下室和掘开式工程)和停车场四类,各类工程的氡浓度平均值分别为327、619、96.9、59.1 Bq.m-3。对于不同山体岩性的坑道,氡浓度值由高到低的顺序是花岗岩>凝灰岩>石英砂岩>石灰岩>安山玢岩。比较各类工程不同季节的氡浓度,得出,停车场氡浓度季节变化不大,其它三类工程都有氡浓度夏季明显高于冬季的特点,而且通风差的未使用的坑道和干道比使用中的同类工程具有相对高的氡浓度夏/冬比值。     

典型梅雨持续性降水事件的水汽同位素特征及其成因

梅雨期持续性强降水是江淮地区重要的灾害天气,往往给降水地区带来巨大的生命与经济损失。2016年7月1—7日,南京地区经历了一场历时7 d的典型梅雨降雨过程,本文针对此次降水事件的大气水汽稳定同位素变化特征及其成因进行相关研究。研究发现：水汽稳定同位素的变化特征与大尺度有组织对流活动和大气环流有良好的对应关系。水汽稳定同位素随时间分别呈现δ¹⁸O的“U型”演化和过量氘的波动变化,二者在不同降雨阶段的演化特征可以指示产生降雨的天气系统的移动与切换,其中水汽过量氘随时间变化的极大值和极小值转折点分别反映了低涡系统开始与结束影响研究区、冷切变线消散、槽线过境以及台风外围水汽抵达研究区的时间。结果表明：多个天气系统连续作用于研究区及其带来的不同水汽源的持续供给,是此次梅雨期降水持续维持的重要条件。     

Use of Predictive Weather Uncertainties in an Irrigation Scheduling Tool Part II: An Application of Metrics and Adjoints

We apply predictive weather metrics and land model sensitivities to improve the Colorado State University Water Irrigation Scheduler for Efficient Application (WISE). WISE is an irrigation decision aid that integrates environmental and user information for optimizing water use. Rainfall forecasts and verification performance metrics are used to estimate predictive rainfall probabilities that are used as input data within the irrigation decision aid. These input data errors are also used within a land model sensitivity study to diagnose important prognostic water movement behaviors for irrigation tool development purposes simultaneously performing the analysis in space and time. Thus, important questions such as “how long can a crop water application be delayed while maintaining crop yield production?” are addressed by evaluating crop growth stage interactions as a function of soil depth (i.e., space), rainfall events (i.e., time), and their probabilistic uncertainties. Editor’s note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Time perspective balance and team adaptation in dynamic task contexts

The concept of time perspective balance has attracted increased attention from scholars in the past decade, reflected in published evidence suggesting positive outcomes ranging from enhanced mood to life satisfaction for those individuals possessing balance among their past, present, and future time perspectives, and assumedly able to shift their time perspective to match situational demands. In this paper, we consider the notion of time perspective balance in an organizational setting within which much consequential adaptation often occurs—the team environment—and explore different configurations of time perspective balance in teams facing dynamic task contexts. Drawing from work on situational awareness, we first consider the mechanism by which time perspective balance likely influences individual adaptation in dynamic task-focused situations. Next, we postulate what types of team configurations—ones with more balanced time perspective uniformity or ones with more time perspective variety—might be more appropriate in dynamic contexts given key team conditions. We illustrate our analysis with examples from healthcare team settings and offer ideas for future research.     

Determination of Frequency for Remeasuring Ground and Vegetation Cover Factor Needed for Soil Erosion Modeling

Determining a remeasurement frequency of variables over time is required in monitoring environmental systems. This article demonstrates methods based on regression modeling and spatio-temporal variability to determine the time interval to remeasure the ground and vegetation cover factor on permanent plots for monitoring a soil erosion system. The spatio-temporal variability methods include use of historical data to predict semivariograms, modeling average temporal variability, and temporal interpolation by two-step kriging. The results show that for the cover factor, the relative errors of the prediction increase with an increased length of time interval between remeasurements when using the regression and semivariogram models. Given precision or accuracy requirements, appropriate time intervals can be determined. However, the remeasurement frequency also varies depending on the prediction interval time. As an alternative method, the range parameter of a semivariogram model can be used to quantify average temporal variability that approximates the maximum time interval between remeasurements. This method is simpler than regression and semivariogram modeling, but it requires a long-term dataset based on permanent plots. In addition, the temporal interpolation by two-step kriging is also used to determine the time interval. This method is applicable when remeasurements in time are not sufficient. If spatial and temporal remeasurements are sufficient, it can be expanded and applied to design spatial and temporal sampling simultaneously.     

广东省“十二五”生态环境时空变化趋势及影响因素

基于2011—2015年Landsat7、Landsat8等卫星遥感影像,结合土壤侵蚀面积、水资源量、降雨量、污染物排放量等统计数据,按照《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ 192—2015),研究评价广东省"十二五"期间生态环境状况及其时空变化趋势,并对其影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明,广东省的生态环境状况总体为优,各市生态环境状况均属优、良,粤北生态环境状况整体最好;广东省及各市生态环境状况稳中趋好,但呈现温和地波动变化;主要污染物排放量下降和水资源总量提高是促进生态环境状况改善的主要原因。     

粉煤灰和生石灰对生活污水污泥脱水影响研究

通过比阻和泥饼含水率的测定,进行污泥脱水的粉煤灰(含粗、细)、生石灰投加实验。单独投加实验表明,在投量10g/100mL时,细粉煤灰(0.075mm筛下)能使比阻值降低91.8%,效果稍次于生石灰;且细粉煤灰降低泥饼含水率的效果最好。联合、单独投加对比实验表明,投量10g/100mL时,粉煤灰与生石灰以1∶1(质量比)联合投加降低比阻值达99.8%,效果好于二者单独投加;但联合投加降低泥饼含水率的效果不如单独投加粉煤灰,仅与生石灰的效果相当。