曝气强度对膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性的影响

主要研究了曝气强度对膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染的影响.2套MBR采用恒流出水模式连续运行60 d,曝气强度分别为500及100 L/h,应用死端过滤装置来检测不同阶段污泥混合液的可滤性.实验中对不同曝气强度下的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)分子质量分布、颗粒粒径分布、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量进行了测定.结果表明,过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加了膜污染速率.进一步研究表明,曝气强度的增加导致了污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量>10000的SMP浓度的增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度直接影响了污泥混合液的可滤性.过高的曝气强度也导致了污泥絮体中1～10μm细小颗粒和EPS含量的增加.     

Degradation of chlorinated phenols by nanoscale zero-valent iron

Chlorophenols (CPs), as important contaminants in groundwater, are toxic and difficult to biodegrade. Recently nanoscale zero-valent iron received a great deal of attention because of its excellent performance in treating recalcitrant compounds. In this study, nanoscale zero-valent iron particles were prepared using chemical reduction, and the reductive transformations of three kinds of chlorinated phenols (2-CP, 3-CP, and 4-CP) by nanoscale zero-valent iron under different conditions were investigated. The transformation process of the CPs was shown to be dechlorination first, then cleavage of the benzene ring. The removal efficiency of the CPs varied as follows: 2-CP > 3-CP > 4-CP. The reactivity of CPs was associated with their energy of lowest unoccupied molecular orbit (E _LUMO). With the increase in initial concentrations of CPs, removal efficiency decreased a little. But the quantities of CPs reduced increased evidently. Temperature had influence on not only the removal efficiency, but also the transformation pathway. At higher temperatures, dechlorination occurred prior to benzene ring cleavage. At lower temperatures, however, the oxidation product was formed more easily. __________ Translated from China Environmental Science, 2006, 26(6): 698–702 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

铁炭内电解垂直流人工湿地对污水厂尾水深度脱氮效果

针对污水厂尾水总氮(TN)含量偏高、微生物可利用碳源低的问题,构建铁炭内电解垂直流人工湿地(ICIE-VFCW)装置,研究了ICIE-VFCW对尾水的处理效果,并采用紫外-可见光光谱(UV-VIS)、凝胶过滤色谱(GFC),进一步探讨了ICIEVFCW强化脱氮机制.结果表明,ICIE-VFCW可提高系统对尾水中COD的去除,出水COD可稳定在30 mg·L~(-1)以下,全年、暖季、寒季COD平均去除率较普通垂直流人工湿地分别可提高10.16%、9.81%、11.22%.系统出水TN可维持在10 mg·L~(-1)以下,全年、暖季、寒季TN平均去除率较普通垂直流人工湿地分别提高13.72%、12.90%、16.17%.经过人工湿地处理后,污水中有机物的腐殖度、芳香度及相对分子质量(Mr)均有所下降,且ICIE-VFCW中Mr下降更为明显.湿地基质掺杂铁炭可促进尾水中大分子有机物转化为小分子,为微生物提供更多可利用碳源,从而提高脱氮效率.     

Impact of microbial communities from tropical soils on the mobilization of trace metals during dissolution of cinnabar ore

Biodissolution experiments on cinnabar ore(mercury sulphide and other sulphide minerals,such as pyrite) were performed with microorganisms extracted directly from soil. These experiments were carried out in closed systems under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 2 different soils sampled in French Guyana. The two main objectives of this study were(1) to quantify the ability of microorganisms to mobilize metals(Fe, Al, Hg) during the dissolution of cinnabar ore, and(2) to identify the links between the type and chemical properties of soils, environmental parameters such as season and the strategies developed by indigenous microorganisms extracted from tropical natural soils to mobilize metals.Results indicate that microbial communities extracted directly from various soils are able to(1) survive in the presence of cinnabar ore, as indicated by consumption of carbon sources and,(2) leach Hg from cinnabar in oxic and anoxic dissolution experiments via the acidification of the medium and the production of low molecular mass organic acids(LMMOAs). The dissolution rate of cinnabar in aerobic conditions with microbial communities ranged from 4.8 × 10~(-4) to 2.6 × 10~(-3) μmol/m~2/day and was independent of the metabolites released by the microorganisms. In addition, these results suggest an indirect action by the microorganisms in the cinnabar dissolution. Additionally, because iron is a key element in the dynamics of Hg, microbes were stimulated by the presence of this metal,and microbes released LMMOAs that leached iron from iron-bearing minerals, such as pyrite and oxy-hydroxide of iron, in the mixed cinnabar ore.     

生物滤池和常规工艺对某地表水中不同分子量有机物的去除

采用生物滤池和常规处理对受污染的某地表水进行试验研究 ,用膜过滤法对其出水进行了分子量分析 ,考察了 2个处理单元对不同分子量区间有机物的去除效果。结果表明 :原水中分子量小于 1 0 0 0的有机物占总 DOC的 78.2 9% ;生物滤池对分子量小于50 0、50 0～ 1 0 0 0和 >60 0 0 0的有机物去除率分别为 54.9%、36.1 %和 2 0 .7% ;常规处理对以上分子量区间有机物的去除率分别为1 5.3%、- 2 0 %和 48.75%。     

金属尾矿制备生物陶粒的研究

阐述了利用江西某金属矿的尾矿、炉渣、粉煤灰制备一种多孔滤料陶粒的方法。实验结果表明：粒径5—30mm、粒子密度1．5-2．5g．／cm^3堆积密度0．65-1．3g／cm^3、比表面积7．2-13．5m^2／g、酸可溶率〈0．7％、筒压强度6．5-9．1MPa、吸水率0．1％～5％的陶粒质轻多孔,比表面积大,附着的微生物量大,孔隙率高,微生物挂膜快,老化生物膜易脱落。     

Real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR method for determination of fluoranthene in water samples with a molecular beacon

A reliable and sensitive competitive real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR (RTFQ-IPCR) assay using a molecular beacon was developed for the determination of trace fluoranthene (FL) in the environment. Under optimized assay conditions, FL can be determined in the concentration range from 1 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL, with y = 0.194x + 7.859, and a correlation coe cient of 0.967 was identified, with a detection limit of 0.6 fg/mL. Environmental water samples were successfully analyzed, recovery was between 90% and 116%, with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.7%–12.8% and inter-day RSD of 8.4%–15.2%. The results obtained from RTFQ-IPCR were confirmed by ELISA, showing good accuracy and suitability to analyze FL in field samples. As a highly sensitive method, the molecular beacon-based RTFQ-IPCR is acceptable and promising for providing reliable test results to make environmental decisions.     

沸石床多级生物膜焦化废水处理系统的NH_~4+-N去除稳定性研究

焦化废水处理中预处理蒸氨工艺不稳定容易引起生物处理出水NH+4-N的波动,为了在有机物去除的同时提高生物系统对NH+4-N的去除效果和稳定性,采用对NH+4-N有良好吸附性能的天然斜发沸石为生物填料构建沸石床多级生物膜系统,考察了进水负荷对系统运行稳定性的影响、抗冲击负荷能力以及系统的功能分区和污染物迁移转化规律.结果表明,当系统进水NH+4-N负荷≤0.21 kg/(m3·d)、COD负荷≤1.35 kg/(m3·d)时,出水NH+4-N和COD的平均浓度分别为(2.2±1.2)mg/L和(228±60)mg/L,平均去除率分别达(99.1±0.5)%和(86.0±2.6)%.在低、高两次NH+4-N冲击负荷[0.03 kg/(m3·d)和0.06 kg/(m3·d)]条件下,系统对NH+4-N的平均去除率仍然分别高达99.0%和92.9%,高于对比系统的96.8%和89.3%,表现出良好的抗NH+4-N冲击负荷性能与处理稳定性.系统好氧单元反应器沿程出现脱碳/硝化功能区(C/N区)和硝化功能区(N区),其中N区的NH+4-N 降解速率为C/N区的2～8倍.系统进水中相对分子质量＜1×103、 1×103～1×104、＞1×104的TOC浓度分别为227.6、104.8和35.0 mg/L,处理出水中的TOC浓度分别为31.2、 22.9和31.5 mg/L,其中相对分子质量＜1×103和1×103～1×104这2个范围的有机物降解良好,出水残余物质主要为相对分子质量＞1×103的有机物.     

Establishment of facultative sexuals

The existence of sex is one of the major unsolved problems in biology. We use computer simulations to model conditions in which sex may first become established. We develop an individual-based population model and show that a hypothetical facultative sex gene can fix, provided that the initial cost is low. It is demonstrated that the equilibrium fitness in the population increases with increasing population size and decreasing mutation rate. The probability of the establishment of the sex gene is found not to be directly related to the fitness difference between the asexual and sexual populations. This change in fitness on changing the parameters of the model is investigated.     

稀土/Y分子筛多相催化电解氧化深度去除渗滤液中难降解有机物

采用浸渍和焙烧法制备了以Y分子筛为载体的几种稀土催化剂,并用玻璃纤维包埋催化剂形成反应床体,构建稀土多相催化电解氧化体系,探索这一体系对垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物的去除效果.同时,以COD值为控制指标,考察了焙烧温度、浸渍液金属离子浓度、稀土元素种类对电催化活性的影响.最后,用SEM和XRD等手段对催化剂的微观结构、表面形貌进行了表征,并与稀土/γ-Al2O3催化剂的电催化活性和结构进行了比较.结果表明,Y分子筛中引入稀土元素后没有破坏Y分子筛的晶体结构,稀土/Y分子筛催化剂的表面并没有检测到稀土氧化物的物相,稀土/γ-Al2O3催化剂的表面形成了明显的稀土氧化物衍射峰;稀土/Y分子筛催化剂的最佳制备条件为焙烧温度400℃,浸渍液中金属离子质量分数1%～3%,负载金属为铈;所制备的稀土/Y分子筛催化剂具有良好的电催化活性和稳定性,其活性高于稀土/γ-Al2O3催化剂.