Hepatotoxic and haematological effects of Nigerian Bonny light crude oil in male albino rats

The effect of Bonny light crude oil was assessed in adult albino rats. The rats were administered with 200, 400, and 800?mg/kg of the crude oil orally for 7 days. Fluid intake was measured daily, and the initial and final animal body weight recorded. Oral crude oil at these doses produced no effect on feed and fluid intake between the test groups and the control group. There was a significant decrease in body weight compared to the control group after 7 days of treatment with the different doses of crude oil.

The toxic effects of the liver and hematological effects were assessed. The packed cell volume (PCV) and total white blood cell (WBC) of the 200?mg/kg group were significantly decreased compared to the respective control values. Administration of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg of Bonny light crude oil, caused a significant dose-dependent increase in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels, but a significant decrease in the alkaline phosphatase (AP) level compared to the control. Histological examination indicates that crude oil induced severe pathologic changes in the forms of necrosis and oedema.     

滇池沉积物不同分子量溶解性有机质分布及其与Cu和Pb的相互作用

采用平衡渗析法、离子计和光谱分析等技术研究了滇池表层沉积物中DOM(溶解性有机质)的分子量分布特征及不同分子量的DOM对Cu和Pb的结合能力. 结果表明,草海和外海沉积物中DOM的分子量组成有显著差异. 草海沉积物中DOM主要以分子量为3.5~5.0ku的组分为主;外海沉积物中DOM以分子量为0.5~2.0ku的组分为主. 滇池各级分子量DOM的腐殖化程度(以A3/A4计,A3、A4分别为DOM在300、400nm处的紫外吸光度)在1.57~6.00之间,而且DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性随着分子量的增加而增大. 离子计分析和三维荧光光谱特征表明,Cu趋向于和分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM结合,而Pb趋向于和分子量≤0.5ku的DOM结合. 用结合容量和分配系数(K_d)表征Cu、Pb与DOM在两相中的结合能力,分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM中的w(Cu)最大,草海和外海分别为717.65和340.27mg/g;分子量≤0.5ku的DOM中的w(Pb)最大,草海和外海分别为2988.84和5073.45mg/g.      

挥发性化合物的分子结构对水-气界面传质的作用

利用能精确捕获水自由液面的VOF (Volume of fluid,体积百分比)法,建立挥发性化合物在无化学反应条件下的耦合扩散时空模型. 用W*(分子拓扑指数)表征化合物分子结构,将化合物传质系数——Schmid数与W*进行关联,结合亨利常数、Schmidt数与W*的关联式,预测乙醇、苯、己醛与2,2,4-三甲基戊点源泄漏后的质量浓度时空分布,预测结果与试验吻合较好. 烷基苯、醇、醛、烃类化合物的Schmidt数与W*0.25成线性关系. Schmidt数随分子间距减小而增大,烷基苯、醇、醛、烃类化合物在水中的Schmidt数约为空气中的600倍以上. 相同W*的化合物,Schmidt数随分子量增加而增大. 泄漏初期,亨利常数的作用高于Schmidt数,挥发强度随亨利常数的增加而增大,水中乙醇峰值浓度下降的平均速率仅是苯的45.1%;泄漏后期,Schmidt数起主要作用,挥发强度随Schmidt数减少而增大,苯的峰值浓度下降平均速率降低,乙醇峰值浓度下降平均速率比苯高120.0%. 己醛的W*是2,2,4-三甲基戊的16.27倍,但二者的亨利常数和Schmidt数很接近,挥发迁移过程极其相似.      

印染废水生化出水中有机污染物特性及在硫酸镁混凝过程中的去除行为

以某印染废水二级生化出水为研究对象,考察了生化出水中有机污染物中各组分含量、分子量分布特点等特性,以及各类有机物在硫酸镁混凝处理过程中的去除行为.实验结果表明,该印染废水的生化出水溶解性有机物的主要成分是疏水性物质,以溶解性有机碳（DOC）表征时占总DOC的78%,其中非酸疏水物质约占46%,而以UV254表征时约占总55%,以美国染料生产协会色度值（ADMI7.6）表征时为97%,其中以非酸疏水物质的贡献最大,达到66%,并且非酸疏水物质中不饱和双键或芳香环有机物的含量较高.生化出水中的DOC主要集中在小于1000 D的有机物上,占37%.在硫酸镁的最佳混凝条件下,可以有效地去除由大分子量的非酸疏水物质引起的色度,而对小分子量的有机物也有一定的去除效果.     

不同相对分子质量PBS基共聚物的降解产物对土壤微生物的影响研究

以陕西花园土为供试土样,采用室内模拟实验,在土壤中加入一定量的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）,研究不同数均相对分子质量的PBS（Mn分别为3.46×103、8.13×103、1.60×104、3.50×104）对土壤呼吸强度,微生物（细菌（bacteria）、真菌（fungi）、放线菌（actinomycetes））数量的影响,以此来探讨PBS降解产物对土壤微生物生理特性的影响。研究结果表明：①相对分子质量为3.46×103和8.13×103的PBS在其质量分数较低时有利于土壤呼吸强度的增加,有利于细菌的生长,最大增长幅度达到40%,在其质量分数较高时有利于真菌生长,最大增长幅度达到500%。②相对分子质量为1.60×104和3.00×104的PBS随着PBS质量分数的升高,对土壤呼吸强度和微生物数量的促进作用相应增加,对土壤呼吸强度的提高幅度最大达11.6%,对真菌的提高幅度达178%。     

Ecological network analysis for water use systems—A case study of the Yellow River Basin

Ecological network analysis (ENA) is introduced in this paper as a promising approach to study water use systems. Information indices from ENA involving total system throughput (TST), ascendency and overhead are calculated here. Two related aspects including organization inherent in system structures and synthesized water use intensity related with sustainable development of water use systems are analyzed. The indices of ascendency and overhead are applied for analyzing and characterizing water use network organization. For comparison of sustainability of water use systems from integrated aspects of environment, society and economy and based on TST, a new indicator termed as total system throughput intensity (TSTI) is constructed incorporating parameters of land, precipitation, population, GDP and environmental flow, which can be used as a measure of sustainability in terms of synthesized water use intensity. The Yellow River Basin in China during 1998–2006 is chosen as the case study and divided into subsystems according to the six river sections as from source to Lanzhou (S1-L1), Lanzhou to Toudaoguai (L1-T), Toudaoguai to Longmen (T-L2), Longmen to Sanmenxia (L2-S2), Sanmenxia to Huayuankou (S2-H) and Huayuankou to the mouth of Bo Sea (H-B). The results show that (i) the organization levels of L1-T and H-B are better than those of S1-L1 and T-L2, with those of L2-S2 and S2-H the worst; (ii) the synthesized water use intensity has been improving, of which T-L2, L2-S2 and S2-H are at the highest levels while H-B the lowest. In addition, the comparison between TSTI and other metrics and the relationship between ascendency and TSTI are discussed, from which the importance of TSTI is reflected and the optimization criterions for sustainable development of six subsystems are derived. It can be concluded that the application of ENA in water use systems can provide new angles for water resource management to address the challenges of assessing and optimizing options to obtain more sustainable water use.     

干旱区绿洲土壤盐渍化程度遥感定量评价

土壤盐渍化是制约渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲内部植被生长最主要的生态环境地质问题,也是影响区域农业生产的第一障碍性问题.利用Landsat TM遥感数据,构建了多维向量空间下的11个遥感定量指标.首先,采用因子分析方法分析不同程度的盐渍化与这11个指标之间的相关性,并建立因子得分模型.其次,采用Fisher逐步判别分析法从这些指标中筛选出8个与盐渍化程度密切相关的指标:氧化铁、归一化盐分指数、地表反照率、植被指数、TM1、TM5、地表温度、湿度指标,并对这些指标建立判别方程,然后对渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲典型样区盐渍化程度进行评价,将所有的实地样本分别代入判别方程,通过分析,发现判别方程的精度较高,与实际情况较吻合.轻度盐渍化的判别精度为80.3%,中度盐渍化的判别精度为68.75%,重度盐渍化的判别精度为83.65%.中度盐渍化土地的判别精度与轻度盐渍化、重度盐渍化土地的判别精度相比较低,这与中度盐渍化的光谱特征与其它地物易混淆有关.总之,所选取的指标简单,易于获取,有利于盐渍化的定量分析与评价.     

活化沸石曝气生物滤池预处理微污染源水的研究

采用上流式活化沸石滤料曝气生物滤池(AZBAF)对杭州市某微污染地表源水进行生物预处理.结果表明,活化沸石的高效吸附作用可使AZBAF通过自然挂膜实现快速启动.在水力负荷1.2m/h,气水比为(3~1):1条件下,AZBAF对TOC和CODMn的去除率分别为40%~60%和10%~27%,尤其对小分子量(MW<1kDa)有机物具有良好的降解作用.同时系统对NH3-N的去除率保持在90%以上.污染物的去除主要发生在滤池30cm以下部分,这与其中微生物的数量和活性分布规律一致.暂时停运(5~10d和35d)对生物过滤影响较小,系统重启后可在6~8h和24h内基本恢复至原有处理水平.     

城市污水处理厂的挥发性恶臭有机物组成及来源

采用GDX-502采样管和二次热解吸与GC-MSD联用仪研究广州一个典型城市污水处理厂不同污水处理单元和周边环境空气中挥发性恶臭有机物(MVOC)的组成和含量,通过对源排放特征、分子标志物和大气化学活性分析,建立该污水处理厂的MVOC源成分谱.结果表明,该污水处理厂检出烷烃、卤代烃、烯烃、芳香烃、含氧有机物和硫醚等6类40种挥发性有机物(VOC),其中34种为MVOC成分,各处理单元排放的MVOC含量占其VOC总量的95%以上;苯系物、2-丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和甲硫醚等为该污水处理厂重要的MVOC分子标志物,其中苯系物的含量最高,占源排放MVOC总量的75.89%;经归一化和重整的MVOC源成分谱与环境受体点的MVOC组成之间具有显著相关性.     

蚯蚓金属硫蛋白定量PCR检测方法及其分子诊断

根据GenBank中蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)金属硫蛋白(MT)基因序列设计合成引物,采用RT-PCR扩增出目的基因片段,将目的基因片段插入pEASY-Blunt中制备质粒标准品.通过不同梯度稀释倍数的质粒标准品,建立了目的基因MT与内参基因β-actin的SYBR Green I荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法.通过土壤染毒培养实验,将蚯蚓分别暴露于50,500,1000mg/kg 重金属Cd染毒的自然土壤中培养14,28d,研究蚯蚓体内MT mRNA转录水平的表达变化.结果表明,重组质粒测序后显示目的片段序列同源性好,证明所设计的MT、β-actin引物能成功用于蚯蚓MT mRNA的检测.两基因构建的荧光定量标准曲线线性关系分别为0.994,0.999,且PCR扩增效率也皆接近于100%.染毒实验发现,Cd可诱导蚯蚓体内MT mRNA的表达,其表达水平与Cd污染暴露呈现出剂量-效应和时间-效应关系,表明蚯蚓MT基因可作为潜在分子标志物,诊断环境中Cd污染及其暴露水平.