白腐真菌酶学与分子生物学研究进展

白腐真菌对木质素降解的特异性生物学机制显示出其在复杂有机污染物降解中具有潜在应用前景。对白腐真菌酶学、自由基化学及分子生物学的国内外研究情况进行了较全面的介绍,以供国内同行参考。     

有机酸强化Fe(Ⅲ)还原介导的Shewanella oneidensis MR-1降解磺胺甲噁唑

在实验室条件下,研究了Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对磺胺甲噁唑（Sulfamethoxazole,SMX）的降解特性以及低分子有机酸强化Fe（Ⅲ）还原介导的S.oneidensis MR-1对SMX的降解.结果表明,S.oneidensis MR-1对不同浓度SMX的降解能力与体系中的有机酸和Fe（Ⅲ）密切相关.低浓度SMX对其生长影响不大,高浓度时细菌生长则受到抑制,进而抑制SMX的降解率.当低分子有机酸单独加入体系后,S.oneidensis MR-1对SMX的最大降解率为58.5%;Fe（Ⅲ）单独加入体系后,S.oneidensis MR-1对SMX的最大降解率为67.6%.此外,当柠檬酸和Fe（OH）₃同时加入体系后,S.oneidensis MR-1对SMX生物降解和铁还原作用促进效果最显著,培养5 d后SMX降解率为90.3%.最后,采用液相色谱-质谱联用仪（LC-MS）对SMX的降解中间产物进行了分析,推测SMX的可能降解途径是由S-N键断裂引起的.本研究以期为地下水污染场地修复提供理论依据.     

滇池沉积物不同分子量溶解性有机质分布及其与Cu和Pb的相互作用

采用平衡渗析法、离子计和光谱分析等技术研究了滇池表层沉积物中DOM(溶解性有机质)的分子量分布特征及不同分子量的DOM对Cu和Pb的结合能力. 结果表明,草海和外海沉积物中DOM的分子量组成有显著差异. 草海沉积物中DOM主要以分子量为3.5~5.0ku的组分为主;外海沉积物中DOM以分子量为0.5~2.0ku的组分为主. 滇池各级分子量DOM的腐殖化程度(以A3/A4计,A3、A4分别为DOM在300、400nm处的紫外吸光度)在1.57~6.00之间,而且DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性随着分子量的增加而增大. 离子计分析和三维荧光光谱特征表明,Cu趋向于和分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM结合,而Pb趋向于和分子量≤0.5ku的DOM结合. 用结合容量和分配系数(K_d)表征Cu、Pb与DOM在两相中的结合能力,分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM中的w(Cu)最大,草海和外海分别为717.65和340.27mg/g;分子量≤0.5ku的DOM中的w(Pb)最大,草海和外海分别为2988.84和5073.45mg/g.      

挥发性化合物的分子结构对水-气界面传质的作用

利用能精确捕获水自由液面的VOF (Volume of fluid,体积百分比)法,建立挥发性化合物在无化学反应条件下的耦合扩散时空模型. 用W*(分子拓扑指数)表征化合物分子结构,将化合物传质系数——Schmid数与W*进行关联,结合亨利常数、Schmidt数与W*的关联式,预测乙醇、苯、己醛与2,2,4-三甲基戊点源泄漏后的质量浓度时空分布,预测结果与试验吻合较好. 烷基苯、醇、醛、烃类化合物的Schmidt数与W*0.25成线性关系. Schmidt数随分子间距减小而增大,烷基苯、醇、醛、烃类化合物在水中的Schmidt数约为空气中的600倍以上. 相同W*的化合物,Schmidt数随分子量增加而增大. 泄漏初期,亨利常数的作用高于Schmidt数,挥发强度随亨利常数的增加而增大,水中乙醇峰值浓度下降的平均速率仅是苯的45.1%;泄漏后期,Schmidt数起主要作用,挥发强度随Schmidt数减少而增大,苯的峰值浓度下降平均速率降低,乙醇峰值浓度下降平均速率比苯高120.0%. 己醛的W*是2,2,4-三甲基戊的16.27倍,但二者的亨利常数和Schmidt数很接近,挥发迁移过程极其相似.      

Enhanced dewatering characteristics of waste activated sludge with Fenton pretreatment: effectiveness and statistical optimization

In this work, the enhanced dewaterabing characteristics of waste activated sludge using Fenton pretreatment was investigated in terms of effectiveness and statistical optimization. Response surface method （RSM） and central composite design （CCD） were applied to evaluate and optimize the effectiveness of important operational parameters, i.e., H202 concentrations, Fe2＋ concentrations and initial pH values. A significant quadratic polynomial model was obtained （R2= 0.9189） with capillary suction time （CST） reduction efficiency as the response. Numerical optimization based on desirability function was carried out. The optimum values for H202, Fe2, and initial pH were found to be 178 mg-g-1 VSS （volatile suspended solids）, 211mg.gI VSS and 3.8, respectively, at which CST reduction efficiency of 98.25% could be achieved. This complied well with those predicted by the established polynomial model. The results indicate that Fenton pretreatment is an effective technique for advanced waste activated sludge dewatering. The enhancement of sludge dewaterability by Fenton＇s reagent lies in the migration of sludge bound water due to the disintegration of sludge flocs and microbial cells lysis.     

Assessment of PAHs in water and fish tissues from Great Bitter and El Temsah lakes,Suez Canal,as chemical markers of pollution sources

Sea water and fish tissue samples were collected from nine sampling stations from the Great Bitter and El Temsah lakes in the Suez Canal and analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). The compositions of PAH determined in the dissolved fraction of sea water were measured in order to use them as chemical markers for identifying different sources of PAH pollution in this region. PAHs determined in fish tissues were measured for comparison with human health standards as consumption. The total mean PAHs concentrations in the sea water samples ranged from 0.28 to 39.57 μg l^?1 with an overall mean of 10.78 and 12.38 μg l^?1 for El Temsah and Bitter Lakes water, respectively. Total PAHs fractions recorded in muscle tissues of all different Osteicthyes fishes collected from Great Bitter lakes ranged from 5.8 to 218.5 μg g^?1 with an overall mean of 57.98 μg g^?1 during all seasons. However, they ranged from 68 to 623 μg g^?1 with an overall mean of 87.69 μg g^?1 recorded in El Temsah lake during four seasons (2003–2004). Benzo(a)pyrene was the most dominant PAHs found in the sea water samples from both lakes with an average concentration of 3.8 μ g l^?1. Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DBA) was the most dominant PAHs recorded in fish samples. A maximum of 533 μg g^?1 of DBA was recorded in Dahbana sp. collected from Bitter lakes during January 2004. However, a maximum of 68.7 μ g g^?1 was recorded in Liza carinata species collected from El Temsah lake during July, 2004. The simultaneous occurrence of isomer ratios PHE/ANT<10 for all stations indicated that the major PAH input to water was from combustion of fossil fuel (pyrolytic source). The average ratios were 1.21 and 12.9 during winter (January 2004) and 4.3 and 8.63 during spring (April 2004) for all water samples of Great Bitter lakes and El Temsah lake, respectively. In addition, the present data demonstrate that PAHs from fossil fuel sources (MW<178) were the least significant source of PAHs in this region.     

有机锡致海洋腹足类性畸变分子机制的研究进展

有机锡作为防污损生物附着添加剂曾被大量使用,在极低浓度下就能诱发腹足类发生性畸变现象,严重危害了海洋生态系统的平衡。虽然三丁基锡已被国际海事组织全球禁用,但目前报道的环境有机锡污染仍然非常严重,而且其致毒机制一直众说纷纭。首先,简述了腹足类性畸变及其在世界各个海域有机锡污染监测中的应用,重点综述了有机锡致海洋腹足类性畸变分子机制的3种假说:脊椎动物类型的类固醇激素假说、神经肽假说以及视黄酸X受体(retinoid X receptor,RXR)假说,另外,结合快速发展的分子生物学技术,探讨了研究腹足类性畸变分子机制的新思路和新方法。     

浙江三门湾沉积记录:U k37表层海水温度和浮游植物群落变化与El Ni?o/La Ni?a的关联

应用三门湾沉积柱样中长链烯酮不饱和指数(U k37)与表层海水温度SST的关系重建历史上的El Ni?o/La Ni?a事件;利用3种浮游植物标志物菜子甾醇(brassicasterol)、甲藻甾醇(dinosterol)和长链烯酮C37(alkenones)来恢复单一种硅藻Diatom、甲藻Dinoflagellates和颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi变化.研究结果表明:(1)U k37估算温度在15.19~17.61℃波动,与当地秋季海水实测温度接近.U k37估算的温度清晰地再现了全球变暖的趋势,且其波动可能与El Ni?o/La Ni?a震荡有关.(2)浮游植物标志物总含量变化范围为710.7~6998.5 ng·g-1,180年以来呈总体上升趋势.沉积记录中硅藻相对比例最高、甲藻次之,硅藻/甲藻比值在2.1~7.2波动,表现出近岸浮游植物对海洋环境变化的敏感性.(3)El Ni?o/La Ni?a事件可影响到浮游植物细胞丰度以及群落结构变化,在El Ni?o盛期,浮游植物细胞丰度剧增,而浮游植物种类数及群集多样性程度明显减少.另外,浮游植物细胞丰度的季节性规律不明显,El Ni?o事件可能是影响三门湾海域浮游植物生产力的主要因素.