乌鲁木齐冬季雾天可吸入颗粒物透射电子显微镜研究

利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对乌鲁木齐冬季雾天采集的可吸入颗粒物(PM_2.5、PM_2.5~10)的形貌特征和集聚状态进行分析。将乌鲁木齐大气可吸入颗粒物分为烟尘集合体、飞灰、矿物颗粒、硫酸盐和有机颗粒等5种单颗粒类型,并讨论了其来源。TEM分析表明,PM_2.5中烟尘集合体占14%,飞灰占7.4%,矿物颗粒占24%,硫酸盐占16.7%,有机颗粒占20.4%;PM_2.5~10 中烟尘集合体没有观察到,飞灰占4.9%,矿物颗粒占26.8%,硫酸盐占12.2%,有机颗粒占58.5%。     

浙闽东海岸风动石奇观

本文简介浙闽东海岸花岗岩类经“球状风化”塑造的石蛋地貌奇观。著名的有浙江舟山群岛普陀山的磐陀石 ,福建泉州的碧玉球和东山岛的风动石 ,以及厦门的日光岩。     

大气细颗粒物的透射电子显微镜研究

利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对北京市区和背景点的细颗粒物(PM2.5)的形貌特征和集聚状态进行分析,结合颗粒物能谱(EDX)和选区电子衍射(SAED)特征,将北京市大气细颗粒物分为烟尘集合体、飞灰、矿物颗粒、硫酸盐和有机颗粒等5种单颗粒类型,并讨论了它们的来源.TEM分析表明,北京市区和背景点大气细颗粒物中不同类型的单颗粒所占比例不同,表明市区和背景点细颗粒物的污染物源有所不同.研究还表明,不同类型的细颗粒之间常常发生聚集.     

Hormetic effect of glyphosate on Urochloa decumbens plants

Abstract

Urochloa decumbens plants may be reached by herbicide drift from applications of glyphosate from neighboring areas or by variations during applications. Considering the different phenological stages and size of plants in these areas, the amount of active ingredient that reaches the plants probably varies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of different doses of glyphosate on U. decumbens plants. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted with two replications at different times. The first experiment evaluated the biological response of U. decumbens plants to glyphosate doses (0, 2.81, 5.63, 11.25, 22.5, 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, and 1,440?g a.e. ha^?1), with six replications. The second experiment evaluated the response of U. decumbens plants to the application of a selected low dose of 11.25?g a.e. ha^?1. Evaluations of injury were performed at 0, 7, 14, and 21?days after application, and dry weight of plants was determined for each evaluation period. U. decumbens plants increased in dry weight when using the glyphosate dose of 11.25?g a.e. ha^?1. However, plants had different responses to the application of this low dose. It can promote both stimulation and inhibition of plant growth.     

Identification of Tsuga Germplasm by Morphological Characters and RAPD Markers

Germplasm collection is important to preserve and maximize genetic diversity for germplasm conservation. Tsuga dumosa （ D. Don） Eichler in Engler ＆ Prantl. and T. chinensis var. forrestii （Downie） Silba germplasm was collected from three localities in China： Mt. Yulong, Wenfeng Temple and Mt. Dishiergu, Yunnan Province. Accessions were identified based on morphological characters and RAPD markers. The shapes of the apices and margins of needles were examined, and the length and width of needles, cones and seeds from accessions of mature plants were used to compare the morphological differences and to identify the germplasm. Molecular markers generated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） were also used to characterize the taxa. Although the clustering based on RAPD markers was inconsistent with the morphological characters of the needles, based on the overall morphological characters and on RAPD markers, the accessions from Mt. Yulong and Wenfeng Temple were identified as T. chinertsis var. forrestii, and those from Mt. Dishiergu identified as T. dumosa. Taxonomic identification of the accessions was made based on morphology and by RAPD markers concurred. The results indicate that the shapes of the apices and margins of needles particularly from young plants could not be used as a possible key to identify T. dumosa and T. chinertsis var. forrestii. Fig 6, Tab 3, Ref24     

Eco-design improvement for the diaphragm forming process

This paper proposes an eco-design method to suggest improvements over an existing diaphragm forming process (DFP). In the proposed method, a systematic procedure is developed to provide eco-design guidance to engineers, and it includes four steps. In Step 1, design functions are analysed through functional diagrams to provide the information of sub-functions and functional flows. In Step 2, the eco-design requirements are captured via quality functional deployment (QFD) and then translated to design functions via functional analysis (FA). Then, the design functions are prioritized according to the eco-design requirements in considerations. In Step 3, the prioritized design functions are used to generate possible design concepts through the morphological chart. In Step 4, the generated concepts are assessed based on the energy use and process time of DFP. The utility of the proposed method is to adapt quality tools for continual improvements in the context of eco-design. An existing DFP is used for this work to demonstrate and validate the method’s applicability. The result of this research shows that the integration of QFD and FA can systematically guide the generation of new eco-design concepts for DFP with less dependence of design intuitions.     

长江口纹缟虾虎鱼的繁殖生物学特征

研究了长江口水域纹缟虾虎鱼的繁殖生物学。结果如下：(1)纹缟虾虎鱼雌雄亲鱼间形态学特征具有差异,肥满度分别为347±036与217±052,体长/体高、体长/头长、头长/眼径、头长/眼间距等比值存在极显著差异;(2)纹缟虾虎鱼产卵期为3~7月份,盛产期为4~6月份。绝对生殖力平均为12 6892粒,体长相对生殖力平均为2069粒/mm;(3)纹缟虾虎鱼成熟的卵为球形,卵径0482~0606 mm,卵中油球数量10~200个,精子较小,由圆形头部和细长尾部（鞭毛）两个部分组成;(4)纹缟虾虎鱼产卵受精一般在洞穴内进行,而且雄鱼具有护卵习性;(5)纹缟虾虎鱼受精卵呈梨形或者梭形,卵膜端具有由粘丝组成的附着盘,动物极靠近附着盘。纹缟虾虎鱼人工催产与自然繁殖时的受精率分别为7858%与8384%。在17~25℃范围内,纹缟虾虎鱼胚胎均能孵出仔鱼,随着水温上升发育速度加快,温度与孵化时间呈正相关关系,有效积温为3 1283 h·℃。长江口水域生态环境变动可能对纹缟虾虎鱼繁殖及其资源量产生一定影响。     

Ecological Variation in the Morphological Structure of the Crown in Siberian Stone Pine at the Timberline

The structure of the crown and branching; the growth, development, and ontogeny of branches; and organogenesis and growth of female shoots in the model Siberian stone pine trees were studied in four types of habitats at the timberline in the central Altai Mountains (1700–2170 m a.s.l.). The results provided evidence that the ecological forms of trees appear due to changes in the pattern of branching as well as to the decreased rate of vegetative (primarily apical) growth. The diameter of the shoot pith is one of the most variable characters reflecting the deterioration of environmental conditions at higher elevations.     

固定剂对土壤中Cr形态变化及生物可利用性的影响

为了考察固定剂对土壤中重金属Cr形态变化及生物可利用性的影响,用天然沸石、FeSO4、MgO质量比为2∶1∶1的物质组合作为固定剂,取一定量风干后的Cr污染棕壤土样,按照5%的比例加入固定剂。在封闭的体系里培养1周后,用Tessier序列提取法提取土壤中添加固定剂前后不同污染程度时各形态的Cr,并对生物可利用性进行评价。结果表明,Cr在土壤中的存在形态以残渣态比例最高,固定剂的添加使Cr向稳定的铁锰结合态和有机结合态方向转变,降低了碳酸盐结合态的比例,从而使Cr的生物利用性和迁移性降低,减小了Cr进入生物链的几率,一定程度保证了土壤使用的安全性。