SO_2对兰州市主要绿化树种形态症状的影响

大气污染是兰州市面临的最严峻环境问题之一,依据植物对大气污染的反应特性来选择城市绿化树种是减轻大气污染的重要途径。对兰州市6种常见的绿化树种进行SO2静态人工熏气实验,观察其形态症状变化。结果表明:臭椿、大叶黄杨、毛白杨对SO2具有很好的抗性,国槐对SO2具有中等抗性,圆柏、雪松可作为SO2污染的指示性植物。研究结果可为兰州市的大气污染治理提供一定的科学依据。     

Relationship between near-surface morphological traits of familiar plants and their ability for sediment retention in a dry-hot valley北大核心CSCD

To explore the sediment interception capacity of plants and its relationship with the surface morphological traits of plants, we used laboratory simulations and off-site flume experiments to study the ability for sediment retention of six familiar species: Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Melia azedarach (MA), Dodonaea viscosa (DV), Coriaria sinica (CS), Heteropogon contortus (HC), and Eulaliopsis binata (EB) aver two growth periods in the dry-hot river valley of the Jinsha River. We analyzed the relationship between near-surface morphological traits of individuals of six species and their ability for sediment retention. Our study resulted in three main observations. (1) In the flume experiment, three-month seedlings and one-year old seedlings of the six species showed different abilities for sediment retention. In the three-month seedlings, the ability for sediment retention of CS was the highest, followed by MA and LL, whereas it was the lowest in HC and EB. However, in one-year old seedlings, the ability for sediment retention of CS was the highest, but the ability for sediment retention of HC and EB was better than those of MA and LL. Hence, the ability for sediment retention of the six species fluctuated between different growth periods. (2) The three-month old and one-year old seedlings of all six species showed different near-surface morphological traits. (3) The sediment mass was significantly and positively correlated with near-surface leaf areas, crown lengths, crown widths, stem dry matter densities at the intersection volume, and above-ground biomass, but significantly and negatively correlated with the angle between stem and ground, indicating that these latter are the main near-surface morphological traits able to affect sediment retention. In addition, the sediment mass was also correlated (positively and negatively) with the stem epidermal crack number, stem dry matter content, leaf dry matter content at the intersection volume, and dry mass per unit volume of the intersection volume, which could also reflect the ability of sediment retention. We conclude that in the areas where plant measures are used to control soil erosion and intercept sediment, the key, above-mentioned plant morphological factors should be taken into account in order to select the optimal plant species. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Drifting towards the surface: a shift in newborn pipefish's vertical distribution when exposed to the synthetic steroid ethinylestradiol

Endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) effects during early life have the potential to modulate population structure, either directly through increased mortality or by causing inappropriate aggregation events, thus affecting the number of young that will reach adulthood. An alteration in the dispersal and recruitment patterns can also impair the connectivity among geographically distant populations. However, the detection of EDC-induced effects occurring after egg hatch, when newborns increase their chances of contacting with environmentally dispersed contaminants, is not a simple process as effects might be masked by the large natural mortality rates that usually occur during fish early life.Since there is a lack of information regarding the impact of EDCs on fish early life dispersal patterns, particularly on vertical migrations patterns, the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of EE₂ on the vertical distribution of newborn fish was assessed through an ex situ exposure experiment. Syngnathus abaster newborns were exposed to EE₂ (nominal concentrations of 8, 12 and 36 ng L⁻¹) and the dynamics of their vertical distribution was monitored for up to 40 d. No significant differences in overall mortality were observed between treatments or in the dynamics of the registered death curves. Nevertheless, an alteration in the distribution patterns was observed. The commonly benthic newborn tended to shift their vertical distribution towards the surface, in a dose-dependent manner. Curiously, a follow up of the exposed pipefish confirmed that EE₂ effects were also noticeable upon sexual maturity, namely by the alteration of several primary and secondary sexual characters. The observation that vertical distributional patterns, at least in pipefish, are clearly altered at environmentally relevant EE₂ concentrations indicates that EDC’s impact in fish larvae behaviour should be considered when addressing the effects of contaminants, given the obvious implications on population connectivity, stability and persistence.     

中国两性生殖卤虫形态特征的数值分类研究

对中国两性生殖卤虫１２个品系的１０个品系形态特征进行了聚类分析和主成分分析,并与Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ进行了比较研究．研究结果表明,Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ和中国两性生殖卤虫各品系明显可分为２个类群,证明中国各两性生殖卤虫品系均属于Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ．而Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ不属于Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ．在中国两性生殖卤虫各品系中ＮＬ、ＨＪＱ、ＳＢ可分为另一类群,显示可能存在种下分类阶元．本文所选取的形态特征是稳定的,可做为卤虫品系形态特征数值分类的重要依据．     

降解四氯乙烯厌氧菌的分离和特征

从降解四氯乙烯沼气污泥富集培养物中分离得到4株厌氧菌,其中2株为弧菌（Vibrio）,其细胞弧状,分别端单生,丛生鞭毛;1株是杆菌（Bacillus）,其细胞杆状,G－,无鞭毛和芽孢;1株为甲烷八叠球菌（Methanosarcina）,其细胞球状,成堆排列．4株菌均可以甲醇为碳源,并具有不同强度降解四氯乙烯的活性．     

公共场所BTEX的污染特征、源解析及健康风险

分析评价了杭州市商场、超市、影院、车站候车室等公共场所室内空气中BTEX的污染特征、来源及健康风险.结果表明,公共场所中BTEX的总平均浓度为30.68～217.74 μg·m-3,商场的污染最重,车站候车室的污染最轻;甲苯与BTEX总浓度之间具有较好的线性关系,可作为公共场所BTEX污染的代表物;候车室BTEX污染主要受室外污染源的影响,而在其它公共场所中,室内污染源占主导地位,鞋用胶粘剂是商场BTEX的主要污染来源;商场空气中苯对男性和女性工作人员的致癌风险分别为5.38×10-6和5.57×10-6,超过了美国EPA制定的人体致癌风险值(1×10-6).     

空心莲子草对水分变化的形态适应研究

在人工栽培空心莲子草并控制其立地水分条件,使之形成相应三种生境类型——旱生型、挺水型、漂浮型的条件下,初步研究了空心莲子草对水因子变化的形态适应机理。对节间长度、不定根数、不定根长度、叶形指数、抽枝率、节间最大周长等六个形态学指标进行的单因素方差分析和因子分析的结果表明：水分条件的变化对全部形态参数都有极显著影响;旱生型空心莲子草以地上部迅速占有空间的生长为主,其次是地下部生长;与旱生型空心莲子草相比,漂浮型的生长趋势中茎的增粗生长和根的数量生长上升到重要位置,然后才是茎与根的伸长生长;挺水型的第一位生长具有旱生型与漂浮型的双重特点,第二位生长在一定程度上具有与漂浮型相同的特征。按旱生型—挺水型—漂浮型逐级过渡,节间长度、不定根数极显著增加;第一公共因子中不定根数的重要性逐步升高,而且抽枝率始终是重要参数,但其均值在漂浮型中最小。所以,对旱生型与挺水型空心莲子草的治理应以抑制其抽枝为主要手段,对于漂浮型则应以抑制其生根为主。后续的相关研究应该以寻找其根和茎的发育机理为主,并以此为突破口采用适当的方法治理该种的蔓延。     

可控湿法氧化聚沉工艺对城市污泥中重金属的稳定化影响

采集了长沙市污水厂的剩余污泥（S1）和湿法氧化聚沉工艺处理的深度脱水污泥（S2）,对比分析了处理前后污泥的形貌变化及重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As的形态分布,初步探讨了重金属稳定化机理,对脱水污泥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As进行了稳定性评估.结果表明,脱水污泥中重金属的总量均低于我国污泥农用标准中的酸性限值,符合B级污泥泥质要求.处理后,污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As主要以硫化物有机结合态和残渣态（稳定态）存在,不稳定态在不同程度上向稳定态发生了转变,Cu、Hg的增幅最大,达21.1%.S2中重金属的生物可利用性较S1都有显著的降低,平均降幅达73.1%,S2中重金属的生物可利用性顺序为：Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd〉As〉Hg.污泥经过湿法氧化聚沉工艺处理后,污泥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As得到了明显的稳定化,为污泥后续资源化、安全化提供了科学依据.     

多氯联苯暴露对食蚊鱼CYP19ɑ 和VTGɑ 基因的表达及骨骼形态雄性化的影响

应用食蚊鱼细胞色素P450芳香化酶基因(CYP19%)和卵黄蛋白原基因(VTG%)m RNA转录水平为指标,研究微量多氯联苯(PCBs)长时间暴露对成年雌性食蚊鱼CYP19%基因和VTG%基因表达的影响,并评价其对雌性食蚊鱼产生的形态雄性化效应。采用静水暴露实验模式,分别设置0.08、0.4、2和10μg·L-1PCBs浓度,并设置对照组和平行组,定量测定14 d和28 d性腺CYP19%和肝脏VTG%m RNA表达水平的变化,以及对椎体脉棘发育的影响。暴露实验结果显示:1各PCBs浓度组(0.08、0.4、2和10μg·L-1PCBs)暴露均能抑制食蚊鱼CYP19%和VTG基因的表达,表明PCBs对食蚊鱼VTG%基因的抑制远大于对食蚊鱼CYP19%基因的抑制;20.4μg·L-1PCBs暴露显著地降低了食蚊鱼第15椎体脉棘的长度并降低第15、16椎体脉棘的L/D值,显示食蚊鱼出现骨骼形态雄性化,表明一定浓度的PCBs暴露会表现出抗雌激素效应。     

油田土壤微生物群落碳代谢与理化因子关系研究

基于对我国主要油田区的土壤理化性质等场地信息调查,应用Biolog和统计学方法分析理化因子与土壤微生物群落碳代谢特性的关系,揭示了不同区域油田土壤理化因子对微生物群落代谢的综合影响作用.结果表明:油田区土壤理化特性呈现地理性分布特性;总氮、总磷、速效磷、有效态铜、锌等环境因子与微生物群落的多样性正相关;可溶盐含量、pH值、总氮、总有机碳等对样点间微生物群落碳代谢的差异性贡献最大.对各油田碳代谢影响因子比较表明,不同区域的油田区土壤中影响微生物群落代谢特性的主要因子各不相同,同一理化因子在不同油田区对微生物群落碳代谢的影响程度不同.这种代谢特性与理化因子关系的区域性差异可能是土壤物化性质地理性分布以及微生物群落结构区域性差异共同作用的结果.