石生苔藓碳含量和碳同位素对城市地区人为二氧化碳和大气氮沉降变化的响应

对贵阳市区到农村地区4个方向的石生苔藓碳氮含量和同位素组成进行了分析.苔藓碳含量（34.47%～52.76%）从市区到农村随距离逐渐降低,并与氮含量（0.85%～2.97%）存在较好的正相关关系,表明大气氮沉降对苔藓的碳吸收能力具有促进作用,市区较高的大气氮输入或铵沉降增强了苔藓的光合作用和固碳能力,同时使碳同化过程发生较大的¹³C分馏.苔藓δ¹³C值（-30.69‰～-26.96‰）从市区往外逐渐升高,还与城市人为CO₂排放有关,主要机制在于人为成因的CO₂源本身富含¹²C并可能增加市区大气CO₂的浓度,从而导致市区苔藓δ¹³C值偏负.此外,根据苔藓碳含量和δ¹³C随距离的变化关系判断,贵阳城市人为来源的CO₂对植物的影响主要集中在20 km范围内.本研究重点探讨了控制苔藓碳含量和δ¹³C变化的因素及其与氮素的相互关系,揭示了苔藓碳和δ¹³C响应城市CO₂排放和大气氮沉降变化的规律,为城市大气污染的防治和周边生态系统的保护提供了新的地球化学证据.     

典型电子拆解地两种指示生物监测重金属污染的对比研究

利用ICP-MS定量测定了温岭市电子垃圾拆解地区的大灰藓及樟树叶中的12种金属元素的含量,对比分析了两种指示生物对不同金属元素的富集情况.结果显示,不同地区样品中的所有金属含量呈现污染区对照区的趋势,其中苔藓中As、Cr、Mn、Se、V和Cd,樟树叶中Cr、Cu、Ni、Se、Sb和Cd的含量呈现重污染区轻度污染区对照区的趋势.拆解区中樟树叶中除Mn以外的金属总含量(所有金属含量之和)要低于苔藓.除Mn、Cr和Se以外的其它9种金属在苔藓中的含量要显著高于樟树叶中的金属含量(p0.05),但苔藓中金属含量的标准偏差要大于樟树叶.由污染因子(pollution factor)的结果表明苔藓及树叶样品中的金属Sn、Sb及Cd的污染因子最高;另外,研究通过比较树叶样品的不同预处理过程对最终含量测定的影响,发现经超纯水清洗的树叶样品中所有金属浓度要明显低于未经清洗的样品,并且标准偏差较低,数值稳定性好.主成分分析结果表明,Co、Cr、Ni、Pb、Sn及Cd为密切相关的一类元素,主要来源于电子废弃物拆解行为,而Mn、As及Se为第二类元素,主要来源于地质因素.     

Current Contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the Moss–Lichen Cover of Piedmont and Mountain Landscapes of the Northern Urals

The contents of long-lived artificial radionuclides, ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs, were determined in lichens and mosses of different taxa and in the samples of moss–lichen cover taken from the mountain and lowland plant communities of the Northern Urals. The effects of Chernobyl fallout and the dynamics of radionuclide contents in lichens and mosses were analyzed. The concentration of ¹³⁷Cs in the moss–lichen cover was higher in the mountain ecosystems than in the lowland plant communities.     

用苔藓氮含量和氮同位素值指示庐山大气氮沉降

对庐山风景区不同海拔高度(263～1 400 m)上31个石生苔藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)氮含量〔w(TN),以干质量计〕和氮同位素值(δ15N)进行了分析. 苔藓w(TN)与海拔高度(L_altitude)的关系〔w(TN)=3.11-7.85×10-4L_altitude〕表明,在庐山风景区,随着海拔高度的升高,苔藓w(TN)呈逐渐下降趋势. 根据前人研究的苔藓w(TN)与大气氮沉降量的定量关系,估算出庐山山顶和山脚的大气氮沉降量分别为24.61和41.72 kg/(hm2·a). 苔藓δ15N在-4‰～-2‰范围出现的频率最高,表明庐山风景区大气氮沉降主要来源于农业或自然土壤中氮的释放.      

Analysis of Mosses and Soils for Quantifying Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sicily: A Multivariate and Spatial Analytical Approach

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.006 Background The use of vegetal organisms as indicators of contamination of the environment is partially replacing traditional monitoring techniques. Amongst the vegetal organisms available, mosses appear to be good bioindicators and are used for monitoring anthropogenic and natural fall-out on soils. This study has two objectives: the evaluation of the concentrations of heavy metals in soils and mosses of the Sicily Region, in Italy and the identification of the origin of fall-out of heavy metals. Methods Mosses and the surface soil were sampled at 28 sites, only the youngest segments of Hylocomium splendens and Hypnum cupressiforme, corresponding to the plant tissues produced during the last 3 years, were taken. The elements Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were analysed by ICP-MS and Hg by AAS. Statistical analysis was by PCA and spatial representation by GIS. Results and Discussion In the mosses sampled in Sicily, the highest concentrations of Cd were found around the cities of Palermo and Messina. The highest concentrations of Hg were recorded in the northern part of the island between Trapani and Messina, similar to the distribution of Cu. Different areas with the highest concentrations of Ni were found near the south coast, in the vicinity of Palermo and around the Volcano Etna. The highest concentrations of Pb were found in the south-west coast near Agrigento, where important chemical plants and petroleum refineries are located. Except for a few locations, Zn fall-out was found to be evenly distributed throughout Sicily. Conclusion The sites where the concentrations of heavy metals cause greatest concern have been revealed by the PCA analysis and portrayed using GIS. Also of some concern is the diffuse and anthropogenic origin of Hg and Cd. The combined approach of using soil and mosses, together with pedological interpretation and application of multivariate statistical techniques has provided valuable insight into the environmental aspects of heavy metal deposition in a region of southern Europe. Recommendations and Outlook Further insight into the deposition of heavy metals will require more detailed sampling of soils and mosses in both new and previous study areas. This needs to be complemented by detailed pedological investigations in the study areas. Future research programmes will address these issues.     

石生苔藓氮含量和氮同位素指示贵阳地区大气氮沉降的空间变化和来源

对贵阳市区到农村地区4个方向的石生苔藓氮含量和氮同位素组成进行了对比分析.苔藓氮含量变化范围为0.85%～2.97%,并从市区(2.24%±0.32%)往外明显降低(1.27%±0.13%),表明贵阳市区氮沉降最高、往外逐渐降低,但在较远的农村地区(> 25 km)苔藓氮含量出现回升(平均1.33%～1.75%),反映了农村地区大气氮输入有所增加.苔藓氮同位素均为负值(-2.50‰～-1.39‰),并从市区到农村地区明显升高.市区苔藓较负的氮同位素比值(平均-8.87‰～-8.59%o)主要指示了城市排泄物和污水所释放的氨源贡献,而郊区和农村地区苔藓较高的氮同位素信号(平均-3.83‰～-2.48‰)主要反映了农业氨源的影响,苔藓氮含量回升可能与农业活动增强有关.此外,贵阳地区苔藓氮同位素的分布特征与受氧化态氮源控制的地区苔藓氮同位素变化相反,因而,贵阳地区大气氮沉降以铵(NHx)沉降为主,该结论有助于更加准确地认识城市地区大气氮沉降的来源和变化.     

Effect of Extractive Compounds from Lichens and Mosses on the Development of Basidiospores and Mycelium of Tinder Fungus

It has been shown that extracts from the thalli of lichens and mosses have an adverse effect on the viability and germination of spores and suppress the asexual reproduction of the haploid mycelium. The dikaryotic mycelium and its conidial spores are more resistant to the action of extractive compounds from lichens and mosses.     

Monitoring nitrogen accumulation in mosses in central European forests

In order to assess whether nitrogen (N) loads in mosses reflect different land uses, 143 sites in North Rhine-Westphalia, the Weser-Ems Region and the Euro Region Nissa were sampled between 2000 and 2005. The data were analysed statistically with available surface information on land use and forest conditions. N bioaccumulation in mosses in the Weser-Ems Region with high densities of agricultural land use and livestock exceeded the concentrations in the more industrialised Euro Region Nissa. In all three study areas agricultural and livestock spatial densities were found to be positively correlated with N bioaccumulation in mosses. In North Rhine-Westphalia, the N concentrations in mosses was also moderately correlated with N concentrations in leaves and needles of forest trees. The moss method proved useful to assess the spatial patterns of N bioaccumulation due to land use.     

Comparative Ecocenotic Characteristics of Mosses in the Taiga Zone of West Siberia

Some results of the ecocenotic analysis of forest and bog mosses, widespread or locally occurring in the taiga zone of West Siberia, are described. The species were compared with respect to their edaphic requirements, and a relationship was observed between geographic variation in cenotic parameters and changes in macroconditions of the physical environment, primarily in lithologic, geomorphological, and climatic conditions. The results of analysis confirmed the existence of such a relationship, but moss species proved to differ in their response to changes in physiographic conditions.