多维气相色谱分离TCDDs和PCBs

本文描述用多维气相色谱(SE-54柱/FFAP柱)和FID/ECD并行检测系统分析TCDDs和PCBs的方法。经SE-54柱切割的目的部分立即进入FFAP柱分离,中间不需用冷捕集技术。结果表明,该方法是选择检测复杂环境样品中痕量毒物的有效方法。     

皆伐炼山对林地养分元素资源迁移影响的研究

本文研究了林地皆伐火烧后生物量和养分元素资源迁移状况。结果表明：皆伐后移出林地生物量占林分地上部分总生物量８０％以上,移出林地养分元素Ｃａ、Ｍｇ占林地地上部分Ｃａ、Ｍｇ６０％以上,Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ则低于５０％；采伐剩余物在火烧过程中Ｎ损失率高达９５％,Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ损失相对较少；火烧后表层土壤Ｎ、Ｐ有一定损失,Ｃａ、Ｋ、Ｍｇ则有所增加。皆伐火烧基本上将整个林分生长期所积累起来的地上部分生物量和养分元素全部迁移出林地。     

森林采伐更新效益综合评价的几个基本问题

本文主要探讨以用材林为主的森林采伐更新效益综合评价的几个基本问题。论述了采伐更新的特点,提出了综合评价的三个主要方面,四条基本原则以及基本方法与指标体系。最后对采伐更新的生产效益、生态与社会效益评价的具体方法进行了探讨。     

传统村落旅游地乡愁的测度及其资源价值——以苏南传统村落为例

“记住乡愁”是乡村旅游和乡村振兴的重要内容。基于居民和游客视角,以苏南传统村落为案例地,开发传统村落旅游地乡愁量表,探讨乡愁的资源价值。结果表明:传统村落旅游地乡愁是一个综合概念,是特定人地关系的体现,是在一定时空条件下,乡愁主体、乡愁触点、乡愁载体、乡愁情感、乡愁愿景要素共同作用的结果,不仅仅是离乡的愁绪,思乡的记忆,也体现了一定的文化概念,是情感、记忆和文化的集合体;经过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,探讨并验证了传统村落旅游地乡愁的“文化—情感—记忆”三维度量表;主客乡愁之间存在一定差异:居民乡愁强度高于游客,居民情感维度均值最高,文化维度均值最低,游客文化维度均值最高,情感维度最低;乡愁有一定的资源价值,主要体现在情感联结价值、文化认同和传承价值、保护和开发价值三个方面。在此基础上提出了对策和建议。     

Evaluation of design alternatives for sewing scissors with respect to hand performance,discomfort and usability

The effects of three re-designed models of sewing scissors on hand performance measures, discomfort and usability were investigated, and the results were compared with those of conventional scissors. Adjustments were made to the scissors handle with emphasis on more neutral wrist postures (bent handle - model A), correction of the thumb's position and movements (model B) and reducing hand/finger discomfort (model C) while working with the tool. The results showed some improvements in hand performance, muscular effort, usability and discomfort with model B compared to the conventional model. Better hand performance and usability and lower discomfort were recorded with model C compared to the conventional model. The results suggest that the correction of the thumb's position and movement (model B) or even reduced hand/finger discomfort (model C) are perhaps more important considerations in scissors design than improved wrist posture (model A) for improving users' performance and usability of the tool.     

易燃易爆场所静电事故链路及断链减灾模式

为了探究易燃易爆场所静电事故形成过程及防护机理,基于事故链式理论,以及静电点燃源形成过程和爆炸性环境形成过程这2条并行支链,绘制了易燃易爆场所静电事故链路;通过事故案例说明了静电事故链路的实用性;研究了静电荷、易燃/可燃物质在外界扰动作用下的特征形态。研究结果表明:静电事故断链减灾模式包括静电点燃源断链减灾模式、爆炸性环境断链减灾模式以及降低事故影响的事故后果断链减灾模式;针对静电事故的各类断链减灾模式,提出了相应的防护措施,可为易燃易爆场所静电事故防护提供系统性的指导方案。     

归州河西沿江高切坡变形破坏及稳定性分析

为了掌握归州河以西沿江公路由于升级改造、工程开挖而产生的大量公路高切坡发育分布特征,总结其变形破坏模式,进而对其稳定性进行分析。在野外实地宏观调查、测量的基础上,通过数据处理,运用赤平投影法对调查区高切坡稳定性进行区划,其中不稳定切坡长约3.8km,占比39.6%,多发育在侏罗系遂宁组(J3s)和聂家山组(J1n)中,主要变形破坏模式为滑移型、倾倒型和剥落型,并根据其破坏模式的差异性提出相应防治对策。     

Ex situ management as insurance against extinction of mammalian megafauna in an uncertain world

The persistence of endangered species may depend on the fate of a very small number of individual animals. In situ conservation alone may sometimes be insufficient. In these instances, the International Union for Conservation of Nature provides guidelines for ex situ conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) indicates how ex situ management can support the CBD's objectives by providing insurance policies for species. The circumstances that justify its use are uncertain. To evaluate the current in situ extinction risk and ex situ management of 43 critically endangered species of mammalian megafauna, we used nonmetric multidimensional scaling and geopolitical variables related to governance, economics, and national policy within their extant ranges. We then fitted generalized additive models to assess the contribution of each variable to the ordination. Fifteen (almost one-third) of the world's terrestrial mammalian megafauna are not the subject of any ex situ management. Seventy-three percent of these taxa occur in areas characterized by political uncertainty, such as border zones or areas affected by armed conflicts, mainly in Africa and the Middle East. A further 23% of taxa in ex situ programs do not meet sustainability criteria for inbreeding avoidance. Strategic conservation planning, such as the One Plan approach, may improve ex situ management for these taxa. Given the escalating trend in threats afflicting megafauna, ex situ management should be considered more rigorously, particularly in politically unstable regions, to achieve CBD Target 12 (prevent extinction of threatened species).     

钻井液的使用和钻屑的管理

澳大利亚矿产和能源部(DME)根据所处地区的环境敏感性、钻屑处置方式和钻井液的环境性能评估钻井液的使用及其废物排放。环境性能的标准包括基液和整个钻井液的生物毒性、可生物降解性和生物累积性。申请人有责任明确活动的环境领域和可能的环境影响。油基钻井液(OBF)的芳烃含量不超过1%,附在钻屑上的基液干重限值为10%。大钻屑堆可能是海洋低水平烃类渗漏到海洋环境的来源之一,对钻屑堆的移除和处置问题,需要慎重考虑。     

切顶卸压自成巷的连续-非连续方法模拟及切缝倾角的影响*

为克服利用连续方法或非连续方法模拟切顶卸压自成巷过程的不足,采用自主研发的适于模拟连续介质向非连续介质转化或非连续介质进一步演化的拉格朗日元与离散元耦合连续-非连续方法,提出基于高斯求积公式的势接触力计算方法以提高计算效率,通过考察剪裂纹和拉裂纹的时空分布和煤层支承压力的演化规律,研究不同切缝倾角时切顶卸压自成巷过程,并考虑右巷(胶运巷)的锚杆原始支护、锚索补强支护和液压元件的临时支护。研究结果表明:切缝倾角越大,右巷顶板完整性越好,这是由于当倾角较大时切缝尖端发展出的裂纹促进采空区顶板冒落,从而阻隔采场压力向右巷顶板传递;左巷顶板的冒落越严重;切缝倾角以10°为宜。