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991.
Mackay D Foster KL Patwa Z Webster E 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):2-8
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.002
Background Davide Calamari and his colleagues were among the first to appreciate that vegetation could play a key role in determining
the fate and effects of organic contaminants. They conducted pioneering experiments to investigate the uptake of contaminants
by plants from the atmosphere and they sought to model the observed phenomena. In the nearly two decades since there has been
a marked increase in understanding of these phenomena as a result of both experimental and modelling studies.
- Goal. In this study we briefly review our current understanding of chemical partitioning between foliage and air. A model
in both fugacity and concentration format is described, based on that of Tolls and McLachlan (1994), in which the leaf is
treated as consisting of two layers, a waxy cuticle with an underlying 'reservoir' layer, the cuticle being surrounded by
an air boundary layer and containing stomata that provide direct access from the air to the 'reservoir'. The model quantifies
the dynamic penetration of a defined chemical into a defined leaf as a function of time.
Main Features The model is applied for illustrative purposes to a hypothetical but typical leaf for a set of illustrative chemicals to
demonstrate the effect of changes in physical-chemical properties and leaf characteristics.
Discussion The results are compared qualitatively with a variety of field and laboratory studies of foliage uptake and clearance of
chemicals.
Conclusion It is concluded that the model yields results that are generally consistent with observations. It is suggested that with
appropriate parameterisation and validation, the model can contribute to an improved understanding of the process of foliage
uptake from the atmosphere and to the development of an improved predictive capability. 相似文献
992.
Di Guardo A Ferrari C Infantino A 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):50-58
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.009
Background, Aims and Scope Most existing models used to describe the fate of chemicals in surface water and sediment generally consider a 'static scenario',
in which a contaminant is discharged at a constant rate and environmental input parameters do not change during the simulation
time. This approach is not suitable in environmental scenarios characterized by daily or periodic changes of several input
parameters. The aim of this study is to estimate approximate emissions of DDT lo Lake Maggiore using a new surface water model,
(DynA Model) that describes the fate of a chemical in a dynamic scenario.
Methods The model is developed on the grounds of an existing and validated model (QWASI). A numerical solution was adopted to build
the fully dynamic version of the model.
Results and Discussion The model was applied to Lake Maggiore emitting DDT at a constant rate until steady-state was reached. Emissions were stopped
and later sporadic 'pulse' emissions were added. This was done to calculate the amount of DDT needed to simulate concentrations
close to those measured in water and sediments. This allowed the evaluation of the order of magnitude of emissions. An uncertainty
analysis for sediment resuspension was also performed, given the lack of measured resuspension rates.
Conclusion The model showed the time response of the Lake Maggiore system to varying emission scenarios and provided what are regarded
as reasonable estimates of DDT emissions. The model demonstrated the importance of sediment-water exchange.
Recommendation and Outlook In order to better calculate DDT concentrations the model should be run with different discharge scenarios to clarify the
time trends of concentrations, possibly with the use of different sets of measured data (such as biota and sediment deposition/resuspension
rates). 相似文献
993.
994.
We analyze the impact of Regulation (EC) No 1080/2006 on separate collection rate of Italian regions. We exploit longitudinal data for 20 NUTS-2 Italian regions and eighteen years (from 1996 to 2013). We identify regions which are exposed to “Convergence” objective as the treatment group and regions which are not exposed to this objective as the control group and use a Difference in differences estimation. The estimates suggest that the Regulation (EC) No 1080/2006 has not influenced the convergence process among the Italian regions. The main policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
995.
危险废物稳定化/固化技术的现状与发展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对危险废物稳定化/固化处理技术的历史、现状以及今后的发展方向进行了较为系统的论述,对该技术在处理危险废物时所存在的问题进行了探讨,认为今后药剂稳定化技术在废物处置预处理领域将会占据重要的地位。 相似文献
996.
Survival is one of the most central population measures when the effects of the pollution are studied in natural bird populations. However, only few studies have actually measured rigorous survival estimates on adult birds. In recent years there has been a methodological advance in survival analyses by mark-recapture models. We modelled local survival (including mortality and emigration) with the program MARK in a population of a small insectivorous passerine bird, the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca), around a point source of heavy metals. The local survival of females in the polluted area was about 50% lower than in the other areas. Males, however, survived relatively well in the heavily polluted area, but showed somewhat lower survival in the moderately polluted area. Different pollution effects between two sexes might be due to pollution-related differences in reproductive effort in females and males, and/or more intensive uptake of heavy metals by laying females. 相似文献
997.
998.
Abstract: Species distribution models are critical tools for the prediction of invasive species spread and conservation of biodiversity. The majority of species distribution models have been built with environmental data. Community ecology theory suggests that species co‐occurrence data could also be used to predict current and potential distributions of species. Species assemblages are the products of biotic and environmental constraints on the distribution of individual species and as a result may contain valuable information for niche modeling. We compared the predictive ability of distribution models of annual grassland plants derived from either environmental or community‐composition data. Composition‐based models were built with the presence or absence of species at a site as predictors of site quality, whereas environment‐based models were built with soil chemistry, moisture content, above‐ground biomass, and solar radiation as predictors. The reproductive output of experimentally seeded individuals of 4 species and the abundance of 100 species were used to evaluate the resulting models. Community‐composition data were the best predictors of both the site‐specific reproductive output of sown individuals and the site‐specific abundance of existing populations. Successful community‐based models were robust to omission of data on the occurrence of rare species, which suggests that even very basic survey data on the occurrence of common species may be adequate for generating such models. Our results highlight the need for increased public availability of ecological survey data to facilitate community‐based modeling at scales relevant to conservation. 相似文献
999.
浅析化工项目环境影响评价要点 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
化工项目的环境影响评价应严格执行有关的法律、法规和导则,并结合行业特点执行特定的条例和规范。在其评价过程中应确保工程分析数据的可靠性和措施的可行性,对是否符合清洁生产进行详细阐述,针对事故风险进行评价并提出防范措施,最后对有毒废渣的处理提出要求。 相似文献
1000.
Ernani V. Pereira-Junior Fabrício G. Giori Altina L. Nascimento Valdemar L. Tornisielo 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):238-246
Brazil is the largest sugarcane producer in the world in which hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-dimethylamino-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) are heavily used. Sugarcane harvesting is changing from the manual system with previous straw burning to the mechanized system without straw burning. The lack of burning results in soil organic carbon accumulation mainly in clayey soils, which should affect herbicides availability and fate. Therefore, we evaluated sorption of these herbicides in soil samples with and without straw burning. Both herbicides presented low apparent sorption coefficients (mean Kd,app= 0.6 and 2.4 L kg?1 for hexazinone and tebuthiuron, respectively), suggesting that they may leach to groundwater. Moreover, their sorption correlated primarily with soil organic carbon (SOC), but iron oxide contents extracted with ammonium oxalate (Fe2O3AOX) also affected it (Kd,app = ?0.228 + 0.0397 SOC + 0.117 Fe2O3AOX for hexazinone and Kd,app = ?1.407 + 0.201 SOC + 0.348 Fe2O3AOX for tebuthiuron). Soil organic carbon accumulation due to straw maintenance in the field positively affected sorption of both herbicides, but its effects were not enough to classify them as “non-leachers.” 相似文献