Development and Comparison of Multiple Regression Models to Predict Bankfull Channel Dimensions for Use in Hydrologic Models

Channel dimensions are important input variables for many hydrologic models. As measurements of channel geometry are not available in most watersheds, they are often predicted using bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships. This study aims at improving existing equations that relate bankfull width, depth, and cross‐sectional area to drainage area (DA) without limiting their use to well‐gauged watersheds. We included seven additional variables in the equations that can be derived from data that are generally required by hydrologic models anyway and conducted several multiple regression analyses to identify the ideal combination of additional variables for nationwide and regional models for each Physiographic Division of the United States (U.S.). Results indicate that including the additional variables in the regression equations generally improves predictions considerably. The selection of relevant variables varies by Physiographic Division, but average annual precipitation (PCP) and temperature (TMP) were generally found to improve the models the most. Therefore, we recommend using regression equations with three independent variables (DA, PCP, and TMP) to predict bankfull channel dimensions for hydrologic models. Furthermore, we recommend using the regional equations for watersheds within regions from which data were used for model development, whereas in all other parts of the U.S. and the rest of the world, the nationwide equations should be given preference.     

复合内嵌筋材加固混凝土梁破坏模式分析

对螺旋肋钢筋施加预应力,将其与碳纤维筋组合后,以不同的方式嵌入到混凝土梁受拉区混凝土保护层中,对混凝土梁进行加固,能显著提高混凝土梁的承载能力。在对承载能力试验结果做简单阐述的前提下,针对加固梁中多材料、多界面存在的客观现实,全面系统地分析了加固梁可能存在的破坏模式,且与试验梁的破坏模式进行对比,对不同加固方式加固的试验梁的破坏模式及破坏机理进行了分析。分析表明,多界面的存在严重影响了加固梁的承载力;不同的破坏界面,应对加固材料断面总内力采取不同的取值,在试验中应特别注意破坏界面的判别,否则计算结果会产生很大误差。     

Drivers influencing adaptive management: a retrospective evaluation of water quality decisions in South East Queensland (Australia)

This article analyzes interviews with natural resource managers in South East Queensland (SEQ), Australia. The objectives of the research are (i) to apply and test deductive/inductive text analysis methods for constructing a conceptual model of water quality decision-making in SEQ, (ii) to understand the role of information in the decision-making process, and (iii) to understand how to improve adaptive management in SEQ. Our methodology provided the means to quickly and objectively explore interview data and also reduce potential subjective bias normally associated with deductive text analysis methods. At a more practical level, our methodology indicates potential intervention points if one is to influence the decision-making process in the region. Results indicate that relevant information is often ignored in SEQ, with significant consequences for adaptive management. Contextual factors (political, social, and environmental) together with effective communication or lobbying strategies often prevent evidence-based decisions. We propose that in addition to generating information to support decisions, adaptive management also requires an appraisal of the true character of the decision-making process, which includes how stakeholders interact, what information is relevant and salient to management, and how the available information should be communicated to stakeholders and decision-making bodies.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0537-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

含盐有机电镀废水多元氧化微电解预处理的影响研究

对含盐有机电镀废水进行预处理,考察了多元氧化微电解工艺对废水有机污染物的去除效果和可生化性的改善效果。结果表明,多元氧化微电解工艺的最佳条件为:pH 3.0,填充比(填料与废水的体积比)1∶1,微电解时间45min,气水比(体积比)1∶1;在此条件下,COD去除率可达67.1%。多元氧化微电解工艺能使BOD5/COD由原来的0.10升高到0.32～0.41,提高了废水的可生化性,减轻了后续生化处理负荷,是预处理含盐有机电镀废水的有效方法。     

一种用于电力通信的自适应Adhoc协议

针对电网通信的智能化监测应用需要,提出了一种用于电力通信的Adhoc自适应预约按需传输多址接入协议,该协议在接入阶段可以根据业务量动态调整接入策略;在传输阶段可以无冲突的发送分组.针对该协议的吞吐量和平均时延性能进行了仿真分析.分析结果表明：协议能提高信道利用率、降低接入时延,可用于现代电力通信网络,以上研究结果对Adhoe在电力通信的工程中应用有较好参考意义.     

多元微电解填料对煤制油废水预处理的影响

采用高温烧结型微电解填料预处理煤制油废水,通过正交实验研究了初始pH、微电解时间及曝气强度等对废水的预处理影响。结果表明,微电解影响因素从大到小依次为:微电解时间pH曝气强度;微电解预处理煤制油废水的最佳工艺参数为:初始pH 4.0,微电解90 min,气水比3∶1充氧曝气;通过平行实验,COD平均去除率及出水水质分别为54.7%和1 773 mg/L,废水生物毒性指标EC50由原水12.5%的高毒性转化成48.3%的中毒性,为后续生化系统的正常运行提供了有利条件,是预处理煤制油废水的有效方法之一。     

基于多枢纽城际应急管理网络资源调度鲁棒优化

为了降低由于应急突发事件随机性带来的应急资源需求不确定性,在对基于Multi-HUB(多枢纽)城际应急管理网络机制研究的基础上,分析基于Multi-HUB城际应急管理网络信息传递和资源调度方式,建立以时间最小为目标的资源优化调度模型并鲁棒性地选择一级HUB点,通过Matlab7.0对优化调度模型及一级HUB点鲁棒性选择进行了数值仿真。研究表明:对Multi-HUB城际应急管理网络中的一级HUB点进行鲁棒性选择,能很好地对"都市圈"内应急资源进行优化调度,降低需求不确定性所带来的"都市圈"内资源无法有效整合的风险,从而有效地提高城市应急资源利用效率。     

Robust trend tests with application to toxicology

In most real data situations in the one-way design both the underlying distribution and the shape of the dose-response curve are a priori unknown. The power of a trend test strongly depends on both. However, tests which are routinely used to analyze toxicological assays must be robust. We use nonparametric tests with different scores—powerful for different distributions—and different contrasts—powerful for different shapes—and use the maximum of all test statistics as a new test statistic. Simulation results indicate that this maximum test, which is a nonparametric multiple contrast test, stabilizes the power for various shapes and distributions. The investigated tests are applied to the data of a toxicological assay.     

Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter (PM10) and Indoor Dust in a University Building

A study on source apportionment of indoor dust and particulate matter (PM₁₀) composition was conducted in a university building by using chemometrics. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential sources of selected heavy metals and ionic species in PM₁₀ and indoor dust. PM₁₀ samples were collected using a low-volume sampler (LVS) and indoor dust was collected using a soft brush. Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the concentration of heavy metals, while the concentration of cations and anions was determined by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. The concentration of PM₁₀ recorded in the building throughout the sampling period ranged from 20 ± 10 μgm^?3 to 80 ± 33 μgm^?3. The composition of heavy metals in PM₁₀ and indoor dust were dominated by zinc (Zn), followed by lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd). Principle component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) showed that the main sources of pollutants in PM₁₀ came from indoor renovations (73.83%), vehicle emissions (16.38%), earth crust sources (9.68%), and other outdoor sources (0.11%). For indoor dust, the pollutant source was mainly earth crust. This study suggests that chemometrics can be used for forensic investigation to determine the possible sources of indoor contaminants within a public building.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.