OVERPUMPED ARTESIAN WELLS AMONG A WELL GROUP1

ABSTRACT. Overpumped artesian wells are defined and explained. Unified well equations which can be used for artesian, gravity and overpumped artesian wells are derived under both the steady and transient conditions of flow. The location of the boundary between artesian and gravity steady and transient flow systems in artesian aquifers, due to multiple wells among which overpumped artesian wells may exist, is explained.     

EFFECTS OF SPATIAL ORIENTATION OF MULTIPLE PLATE ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES ON INVERTEBRATE COLONIZATION1

ABSTRACT: Jumbo multiple plate samplers were suspended in a river at 0.3 and 1 m depth in one of three orientations: interplate spaces closed to downwelling light and open to flow, open to light and flow, or open to light and closed to flow. Mean numbers of colonizing taxa and individuals were not significantly different among orientations after eight weeks of submergence. All variables tested decreased significantly with depth. Mean number of taxa, number of individuals (1 m only), and insect diversity decreased between samplings at four and eight weeks for samplers that were closed to light and open to flow. All orientations, depths, and durations had one-half to two-thirds of the total taxa. Colonization was affected by location in the river and position on sampler suspension equipment. The results indicate lack of orientation effects on colonization or high variability that obscured such effects. The sampler suspension equipment possibly increased among-sampler variability by forming artificial snag habitats, and interplate light and flow conditions at different orientations may not have been sufficiently distinct to elicit different biological responses. Individual samplers provided diverse microhabitats regardless of orientation, but it would be prudent to include orientation among the variables considered in use of multiple plate samplers.     

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE‐OBJECTIVE DECISION‐MAKING METHODS FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: Making decisions for environmental management is a complex task due to the multiplicity and diversity of technological choices. Furthermore, the exploitation of natural resources and the preservation of the natural environment imply objectives that are often in conflict within a sustainable development paradigm. Managers and other decision makers require techniques to assist them in understanding strategic decision making. This paper illustrates the use of a multiple‐objective decision‐making methodology and an integrative geographical information system‐based decision‐making tool developed to help watershed councils prioritize and evaluate restoration activities at the watershed level. Both were developed through a multidisciplinary approach. The decision‐making tool is being applied in two watersheds of Oregon's Willamette River Basin. The results suggest that multiple‐objective methods can provide a valuable tool in analyzing complex watershed management issues.     

提高循环冷却水系统浓缩倍数的措施

根据水量平衡原则和水中溶解含盐量的平衡,从理论上对浓缩倍数的选择进行了探讨。结合实际情况,从设计、水质因素、管理等方面分析了影响浓缩倍数提高的原因,提出了提高浓缩倍数的措施、方法和水质稳定技术。     

Public Preference for Endemism over Other Conservation-Related Species Attributes

Abstract:  Public preferences are likely to play an important role in prioritizing species at risk for conservation. We conducted a survey of British Columbians (Canada) ( n = 555 , r = 73 % ) to examine how the public ranks a species' attributes (rather than named species) with respect to conservation priority. Endemism, defined as species only or mainly occurring in British Columbia or species occurring in British Columbia and nowhere else in Canada, was considered the most important among the measured attributes. This preference was strongest among men and among respondents who had completed postsecondary education. The preference for endemism is generally consistent with science-based federal listings of British Columbian species. This congruence between listing and public opinion is welcome if such congruence is considered important. We suggest that investigating how much the public values species' attributes, as opposed to named species, provides a more efficient way of incorporating public opinion into policies on species at risk, especially if large numbers of species must be ranked for conservation priority .     

Evaluation of suitable tiger habitat in Chandoli National Park,India, using spatial modelling of environmental variables

Application of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool has assumed an immense significance in habitat suitability modelling for various wildlife species and now a days these are widely used in conservation biology and wildlife management.     

基于PCA-VMD-CNN的输电线路覆冰重量预测模型*

为防止覆冰灾害危及电路安全,提出1种输电线路覆冰重量预测模型。首先对多个气象因素进行主成分分析提取气象因素中的有效信息,再对覆冰历史数据进行变分模态分解,获得具有不同特性的本征模态分量;然后基于卷积神经网络,对具有不同时间尺度（周期性、波动性不同）的各个分量进行训练及预测,并将每个分量的预测结果相加。研究结果表明:通过对某覆冰区域的输电线路监测数据进行实验仿真,研究所提出的覆冰重量预测模型有更高精度。     

化学品厌氧生物降解QSBR预测模型研究

收集了155种有机化学品厌氧生物降解数据,以随机抽取的109种物质作为训练集,另外46种物质作为验证集,通过结构式拆分得到各基团,分别采用多元线性回归和BP人工神经网络2种算法对有机化合物结构与生物降解性定量关系(QSBR)进行研究。结果表明,多元线性回归模型验证集正确率为78.26%,总正确率为84.52%;BP人工神经网络模型验证集正确率为82.61%,总正确率为90.32%。可见,BP人工神经网络算法相对优于多元线性回归算法。     

Cost-effective mitigation strategies to reduce bycatch threats to cetaceans identified using return-on-investment analysis

Globally, fisheries bycatch threatens the survival of many whale and dolphin species. Strategies for reducing bycatch can be expensive. Management is inclined to prioritize investment in actions that are inexpensive, but these may not be the most effective. We used an economic tool, return-on-investment, to identify cost-effective measures to reduce cetacean bycatch in the trawl, net, and line fisheries of Australia. We examined 3 management actions: spatial closures, acoustic deterrents, and gear modifications. We compared an approach for which the primary goal was to reduce the cost of bycatch reduction to fisheries with an approach that aims solely to protect whale and dolphin species. Based on cost-effectiveness and at a fine spatial resolution, we identified the management strategies across Australia that most effectively abated dolphin and whale bycatch. Although trawl-net modifications were the cheapest strategy overall, there were many locations where spatial closures were the most cost-effective solution, despite their high costs to fisheries, due to their effectiveness in reducing all fisheries interactions. Our method can be used to delineate strategies to reduce bycatch threats to mobile marine species across diverse fisheries at relevant spatial scales to improve conservation outcomes.     

浙江金华秋季干气溶胶中主要化学组分的消光贡献解析

造成雾霾事件的主要原因是高浓度的大气细颗粒物污染.为了深入研究大气细颗粒物的消光来源,本研究采用高时间分辨率气溶胶观测仪器获得了浙江金华秋季PM1主要化学组分浓度及干气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数演变情况.结合有机气溶胶正矩阵因子解析模型(PMF)和多元线性回归方法,建立了拟合优度很高(R2=0.977)的细颗粒物中主要化学组分与干气溶胶消光系数间的定量关系模型.结果表明,观测期间消光贡献最大的是硫酸铵,贡献率为35.1%;其次是硝酸铵,贡献率为26.7%;二次有机气溶胶(SOA)、生物质燃烧有机气溶胶(BBOA)、黑碳(BC)及氯化铵的消光贡献率分别为14.3%、11.2%、8.7%、4.0%.在一些特定污染时段,BBOA具有最大的消光贡献,是导致此时大气能见度大幅度衰减的首要因子.