SIMULATION OF RUNOFF FROM URBAN WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT. .A mathematical model for urban watersheds is being developed in stages at the Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University at Logan. In verifying the watershed as a unit, watershed coefficients are determined on the computer, and related to the urbanization characteristics. The second stage of verification consists of dividing the watershed into subzones, and determining the urban parameters within each subzone. Each subzone is then individually modeled, and outflow hydrographs are routed through succeeding downstream subzones to the gaging point. The model thus makes it possible to: (a) develop runoff models for subzone hydrographs within the urban watershed, and (b) account for spatial variations of storm and watershed characteristics. An attempt was also made to analytically model the outflow hydrograph based on storm and watershed characteristics.     

WATER CONSERVATION KITS: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF A CONSERVATION POLICY1

ABSTRACT: The effect on water usage of installing water conservation kits in the city of Oxnard, California, is statistically evaluated. Using binary multiple regression analysis on a large sample of residential units, water consumption was compared before and after receipt of the kit. For this sample, installers reduced water consumption by 4.2 percent each billing period. Income (wealth) and household size elasticities are reported along with the Characteristics of the installing households.     

Testing the MAGIC acid rain model in highly organic,low-conductivity waters using multiple calibrations

Accurate predictions of acid precipitation effects on water resources are important in order to allow a better understanding of various pollution control strategy outcomes. Dynamic geochemical models have been developed to address this need, but have to be tested under a variety of environmental conditions to provide confidence in their predictions. The most commonly used aquatic acidification model in North America and Europe is the model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC). Though extensively used, MAGIC has never been tested in catchments with extremely low ionic strength water and high in natural organic acids (NOAs) from wetlands, two conditions which are common in large parts of Canada. We calibrated the model for two catchments located in Nova Scotia, Canada, which had some of the most dilute freshwaters reported in the literature and very high NOA. We also evaluated the variability inherent in calibration data sets by using five separate data sets collected over a 15-year period at the same sites. We show good model simulations for the main cations and anions in catchment waters. However, modeling pH is more difficult in the highly organic waters and requires modification to the acid dissociation constants. Calculated acid neutralization capacity can also be more difficult to model due to the low ion content making small errors more important. In theory, multiple calibrations of a model at a same site should produce identical hindcasts and predictions. In reality, the multiple calibrations produced a series of similar, but not identical outcomes which give a probable range of past values and future outcomes. We feel that this practical approach to validation is a useful addition to the arsenal of model testing tools.     

全国重点城市空气自动监测系统质量考核中质量控制的探讨

详细介绍了武汉市环境监测中心站在质量考核中所采用的实验方法,并对考核中出现的若干质量问题进行分析,供交流与探讨。     

贵州中部峰丛洼地区乡村聚落演化多元路径研究——以普定后寨河聚落为例

在微观尺度研究乡村聚落的空间演化,有助于深入理解聚落演化的多样性。论文选择位于贵州高原面上的典型喀斯特乡村聚落,以长时间序列的高分辨率遥感影像为主要数据源,结合实地农户调查,在聚落斑块尺度上探讨聚落的多元空间演化模式。结果发现,研究区聚落总体呈“外密中疏”的空间特征,且这一空间格局从1963年到2015年不断强化。聚落演化类型可划分为逐渐废弃空心化型、旧衰建新型、自然衰落型、内部改造型、基本不变型和扩展型;从1963年到2015年,研究区聚落景观经历了以新旧混杂型为主、以老旧型为主、以新旧混杂型和新房屋为主这样一个演化过程;研究区聚落多元演变的空间路径可归纳为低地指向、交通指向、经济和中心地指向,研究区聚落的优化应基于聚落的多元演变模式进行调控。     

基于三级分层框架的农业气象灾害多风险评估

农业气象灾害多风险评估对于防灾减灾、制定风险对策具有重要意义。根据1980—2015年陕西省农业气象灾害年度统计资料和2015—2018年农户调研数据,运用贝叶斯网络、贝叶斯分层模型（BHM）等多风险评估方法,分析陕西省农业气象灾害的变化趋势、灾害间相互作用以及生计资本对于不同作物脆弱性的影响。结果表明：（1）1980—2015年陕西省洪涝的灾害率和灾害强度显著下降,斜率分别为0.17%、0.7%,冷冻的灾害率显著上升,斜率为0.25%,干旱和风雹灾害无明显变化;（2）干旱和洪涝显著影响其他灾害,各种灾害之间存在复杂的相互作用;（3）增加有效灌溉面积率、农作物种植面积、农村用电量和农用磷肥施用折纯量等生计资本指标,可以显著降低脆弱性。本文有助于提高农户对农业气象灾害的适应能力,为预防和治理农业气象灾害提供决策参考。     

木沥河流域氮素污染及其污染源解析

为甄别粤港澳大湾区木沥河流域氮污染物来源,本研究应用铵盐同位素示踪技术、硝酸盐同位素示踪技术和多元线性混合模型等方法有效识别了该流域氮素来源的变化.结果表明,木沥河流域氮素污染严重,木沥河水体NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N浓度显著高于上游两条支流;除此之外,大坑山支流断面和木沥河下游养殖区断面虽无明显人口居住,仍然面临较高的氮素污染风险.铵盐同位素和硝酸盐同位素定性分析结果表明,木沥河流域氮素污染主要来源于土壤、肥料、大气颗粒物和动物及人排泄物;多元线性混合模型计算结果显示,大坑山支流上流处氮素主要来源为大气沉降,其贡献率在80%左右;鸡笼坑支流上游土壤有机氮平均贡献率可达33%,大于大坑山支流(9%)和木沥河(24%);大坑山支流下游、鸡笼坑支流下游和木沥河中上游污水及粪肥对氮素污染贡献率最高可达70%;值得注意的是,养殖区断面远离人口聚集地,各种养殖已被清理,但污水及粪肥的贡献率仍高达56%,远高于木沥河下游的淡水河水闸断面(3%),这可能要归咎于沉积物中残留的禽畜排泄物.本研究定性和定量地分析了木沥河流域氮素来源,为大湾区的水质管理和污染源治理提供了理论依据.     

基于小波分解与自适应多级残差修正的最小二乘支持向量回归预测模型的PM2.5浓度预测

采用小波分解(WD)将济南市科干所监测站PM_(2.5)浓度的一维时间序列(2013年1月1日—2017年8月15日)分解为高维信息,获得了该监测站附近PM_(2.5)浓度的时频变化特征,重点分析了PM_(2.5)的随机性和趋势性问题.然后构建了基于小波分解的多级残差修正的最小二乘支持向量回归预测模型(AMLRC-WLSSVR),结果发现,该模型能够很好地对济南市PM_(2.5)浓度做出预测,特别是针对重污染天气的预测有很好的精度.为了避免预测结果的不确定性问题,提出了一种基于方差估计给出预测值置信区间上界的方法,同时,有效弥补了单点预测的不稳定性及预测精度不足的缺点,该方法能够为实际空气污染预警提供技术支持.     

淮河流域洪涝灾害分析模型研究

本文对淮河流域及流域内苏、鲁、豫、皖四省的洪涝灾害进行定量分析,建立了灾度分析模型.该方法突破了以往对灾害等级进行评估的思路,借助于Matlab软件方便快捷地计算出灾害损失的灾度,特别适用于大范围内大样本的灾度分析.     

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR OPERATION OF A METROPOLITAN RESERVOIR SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: A deterministic dynamic programming optimization model with a refining sectioning search procedure is developed and implemented to find least cost withdrawal and release patterns for water supple from a multiple reservoir system serving a metropolitan area. Applications are made to teh four reservoir system operated by the city of Dallas, Texas. A realistic cost structure, including nonlinear power consumption, block rate unit power costs, and flow dependent power consumption for intracity water distribution, is utilized. Applications are made to find least cost operating patterns and, as well, by inclusion of a water loss penalty function, supply patterns which will reduce evaporation water losses for the Dallas system.