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91.
The comparison of increasing doses of a treatment to a negative control is frequently part of toxicological studies. For normally distributed data Williams (1971, 1972) introduced a maximum likelihood test under total order restriction. But until now there seems to have been no solution for the arbitrary unbalanced case. According to the idea proposed by Robertson et al. (1988) we will apply in this article the basic concept of Williams on the class of multiple contrast tests for the general unbalanced parametric set-up. Simulation results for size and power and two examples for estimating the minimal toxic dose (MTD) are given. 相似文献
92.
城市污泥模拟堆肥过程中高温菌群的筛选、鉴定及降解效果 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
在城市污泥模拟堆肥过程的高温期通过平板培养法筛选出一组强化菌群.该组菌群不但可以分解污泥有机质,还可以分解淀粉、蛋白质、油脂、纤维素等大分子有机物.经鉴定,筛选出的菌种分别为地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis)、短小芽孢杆菌(B.pumilus)、高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces)、凝结芽孢杆菌(B.coagulans)、枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis);将菌株两两接种到平板,发现各菌株间可以共存.将上述菌种混合后添加到堆肥样品中,其有机质去除率、脱氢酶增加率、比耗氧速率SOUR增加率均高出不加菌样品40%以上,表明该组菌群具有使堆肥腐熟进程加快的应用潜力. 相似文献
93.
To date, many water quality monitoring networks for surface freshwaters have been rather haphazardly designed without a consistent or logical design strategy. Moreover, design practices in recent years indicate a need for cost-effective and logistically adaptable network design approaches. There are many variables that need to be included in a comprehensive yet practical monitoring network: a holistic appraisal of the monitoring objectives, representative sampling locations, suitable sampling frequencies, water quality variable selection, and budgetary and logistical constraints are examples. In order to investigate the factors which affect the development of an effective water quality monitoring network design methodology, a review of past and current approaches is presented. 相似文献
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97.
David G. Evans 《Environmental management》1994,18(3):321-329
The decision as to whether to recycle discarded objects or not has traditionally been made on a simple financial basis. However,
over the last few years a popular movement has sprung up which regards recycling as a good in itself, and this movement finds
itself at odds with the present financial basis for recycling. In this paper a rationale for recycling is worked out in an
attempt to resolve this conflict. It is concluded that the normal market signals do not provide a proper basis for recycling
decisions and that this market failure must be corrected by government intervention. However, this intervention should not
take the form of uncritical support for recycling. Rather the societal objectives of individual recycling proposals should
be identified and the proposal should then be evaluated in terms of whether it would achieve these objectives more effectively
than some alternative action. 相似文献
98.
Bryan H. Massam 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1984,20(4):483-491
ABSTRACT The Central Arizona Water Control Study (CAWCS) was initiated by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1978. The study attempted to identify and evaluate alternate water management schemes for Central Arizona. By 1981 a set of seven plans had been developed and for each an assessment on a number of economic, environmental, and social factors had been undertaken. This paper offers a formal procedure, using concordance analysis and multi-dimension scaling, to compare alternate plans using multiple factors in order to produce a classification of the attractiveness of the alternatives. Empirical data for the CAWCS are used to clarify the procedure. The results of the formal analysis are compared to those produced by the CAWCS. A critique of the formal procedure is offered, and it is suggested that it may have utility to assist in the collection of data as well as in the search for a best plan. The procedure allows a number of different types of sensitivity tests to be conducted. 相似文献
99.
本文根据层次分析法的原理,结合环境工程评标的特点,建立了评定最优环境工程方案的层次结构模型。该模型引入三标度法来间接地构造判断矩阵,简化了专家或决策者的判断难度,增强了判断矩阵的逻辑性。结合某废水治理工程项目,介绍了层次分析法应用于工程评标的计算过程。结果表明,这种改进的层次分析法是进行环境工程方案优选的新颖、科学、简便的方法。 相似文献
100.
Ambrose Goicoechea Eugene Z. Stakhiv Fu Li 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(1):89-102
ABSTRACT: A research project was undertaken for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to determine the relative utility and effectiveness of four well-known multicriteria decision making (MCDM) models for applications in realistic water resources planning settings. A series of experiments was devised to examine the impact of rating and ranking procedures on the decision making behavior of users (e.g., planners, managers, analysts, etc.) when faced with situations involving multiple evaluation criteria and numerous alternative planning projects. The four MCDM models tested were MATS-PC, EXPERT CHOICE, ARIADNE, and ELECTRE. Two groups of analysts and decision makers were tested. One group consisted of experienced U.S. Army Corps planners, while the other was comprised of graduate students. Based on a series of nonparametric statistical tests, the results identified EXPERT CHOICE as the preferred MCDM model by both groups based largely on ease of use and understandability. ARIADNE fostered the largest degree of agreement within and among the two groups of individuals tested. The tests also lend support to the claim that rankings are not affected significantly by the choice of decision maker (i.e., who uses any of these MCDM models) or which of these four models is used. 相似文献