纳米材料与技术在废水处理中的应用及前景

纳米技术是一种具有深刻理论研究价值和广泛应用前景的高新技术,通过概述纳米技术的内涵和纳米材料的特殊性质,以及综述近几年纳米技术与材料在废水化处理中的应用及研究进展,如光催化纳米材料、纳滤膜等可用于处理有机或无机废水,较传统的水处理技术有较大的突破,并指出目前国内外的研究热点,认为该领域在水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

Cr6+对人血红细胞膜的损伤及茶多酚对其保护作用的分子机理研究

采用TBA(thiobatbrturic acid)法和ESR自旅标记技术,测定了无机致癌物重铬酸钾(Cr~(6+))对红细胞膜的蛋白巯基和磷脂的作用,结果表明,Cr~(6+)引发红细胞膜产生脂质过氧化的同时,膜上蛋白巯基构象和磷脂的流动性发生改变.而茶多酚对Cr~(6+)引起红细胞膜上的这些变化均有明显抑制作用.     

酚类分子结构和纳滤膜特性对截留率的影响规律

选择21种酚类化合物作为模型污染物,分别测定了三种不同纳滤膜对酚类化合物的截留率.结果表明,酚类化合物截留率受到取代基位置、种类和膜特性的影响.对NF270膜和NF膜而言,截留率从大到小的次序为邻位>间位>对位,而NF90膜的截留率为邻位>对位;供电子取代基有增大截留率的趋势,吸电子取代基有减小截留率的趋势;孔径小、荷电量大的纳滤膜截留率更大.通过基于遗传算法的偏最小二乘回归法(GA-PLS),建立了纳滤膜对酚类化合物截留率的定量构效关系模型,通过分析回归方程,可以看出酚类化合物的pKa值对截留率影响最大,影响较大的还有偶极矩等参数.     

纳滤膜在工业废水和液体物料处理中的应用

纳滤膜能截留低分子量有机溶质而让盐类组分部分或全部透过，能在较宽的ｐＨ范围内及高温下保持稳定，并能耐多种有机溶剂，可用于液体物料中有效成分的浓缩、工业废水的处理及循环利用，减少对环境的污染。     

Pilot study for the treatment of sodium and fluoride-contaminated groundwater by using high-pressure membrane systems

High-pressure membrane process is one of the cost-effective technologies for the treatment of groundwater containing excessive dissolved solids. This paper reports a pilot study in treating a typical groundwater in Huaibei Plain containing excessive sodium, sulfate and fluoride ions. Three membrane systems were set up and two brands of reverse osmosis (RO), four low-pressure RO (LPRO) and one tight nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested under this pilot study. An apparent recovery rate at about 75% was adopted. Cartridge filtration, in combination with dosing antiscalent, was not sufficient to reduce the fouling potential of the raw water. All RO and LPRO systems (except for the two severely affected by membrane fouling) demonstrated similar rejection ratios of the conductivity (~98.5%), sodium (~98.5%) and fluoride (~99%). Membrane fouling substantially reduced the rejection performance of the fouled membranes. The tight NF membrane also had a good rejection on conductivity (95%), sodium (94%) and fluoride (95%). All membranes rejected sulfate ion almost completely (more than 99%). The electricity consumptions for the RO, LPRO and NF systems were 1.74, 1.10 and 0.72 kWh?m^-3 treated water, respectively. The estimated treatment costs by using typical RO, LPRO and tight NF membrane systems were 1.21, 0.98 and 0.96 CNY?m^-3 finished water, respectively. A treatment process consisting of either LPRO or tight NF facilities following multi-media filtration was suggested.     

Treatment of biologically treated effluents from baker's yeast industry by membrane and ozone technologies

This paper presents pilot‐scale membrane treatment results performed on biologically treated effluents from fermentation industry and ozone oxidation on concentrates from the same membrane treatment system. The results obtained from the ultrafiltration (UF) and/or the reverse osmosis (RO) systems indicate that membrane treatment are very effective for COD, Color, NH₃‐N and conductivity removal. Ozone oxidation of the membrane concentrates was tested to increase biodegradability of the wastes. The initial ratios of Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) to Chemical oxygen demand (COD) were increased significantly by applying chemicaloxidation with O₃ and O₃ + H₂O₂.     

Effects of lithium on membrane fluidity and lipid profile in brain membranes of aluminum-treated rats

The effects of lithium (Li) supplementation on lipid profile and fluidity of cerebrum and cerebellum membranes in aluminum (Al)-treated rats were investigated. A significant decrease in the levels of total lipids and cholesterol was observed in both the regions following Al exposure, which however were significantly increased following Li supplementation. Further, glycolipids and gangliosides contents were significantly decreased in cerebrum, but increased in cerebellum following Al treatment. Interestingly, Li supplementation reversed the trends and regulated the levels of glycolipids and gangliosides. Al treatment also elevated conjugated diene formation and phospholipid levels in both cerebrum and cerebellum membranes, which however were decreased upon Li supplementation. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio however was decreased after Al treatment and Li supplementation was able to enhance the ratio in both cerebrum and cerebellum. Further, Al treatment significantly increased the fluorescence polarization, anisotropy and order parameter, which however were normalized following Li supplementation. The levels of Al were also found to be significantly elevated in cerebrum and cerebellum after Al treatment and normalized in cerebellum following Li treatment. Therefore, the present study shows the potential of Li in regulating the changes produced by Al on membrane composition and fluidity in rat brain.     

Electrophoretic and liquid chromatographic characterization of red cell membrane proteins modified by chromate

Besides its effects of the genetic material and function, chromate also immediately affects the structure and function of cell membranes. With human erythrocytes, chromate produces alterations in cell size and shape, it impairs the anion transport function, and it causes modifications in membrane constituents. The proteins have been analysed by one‐ and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The main chromate effects are the crosslinking of proteins including the membrane protein bands 1 and 2 (spectrin) and haemoglobin. Furthermore, a 40.000 D membrane protein fraction is modified. Chromate may react directly with membrane constituents but evidence also points to the formation of reactive oxygen compounds which in turn may react with proteins and lipids of the cell membrane.     

锂离子电池用新型复合聚合物电解质膜的性能研究

聚合物电解质膜是影响锂离子电池性能的重要因素,通过对聚合物的改性,能够改善聚合物电解质膜综合性能.本文以偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物[P(VDF-HFP)]为基,以N甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)作溶剂,γ-丁内酯(γ-BL)作添加剂,用倒相湿法制备出复合聚合物电解质膜,并对其离子传递、膜结构和电化学性能进行了研究.用限制扩散方法测定了该电解质膜的锂离子扩散系数为5.68×10-10 cm2·s-1;用稳态极化法测定了该电解质膜的迁移数为0.61;用交流阻抗法测得该电解质膜的室温最高电导率可达1.73×10-3S·cm-1.测试结果表明,该聚合物电解质膜具有较好的离子传输性质和电化学性能.