改良剂对根际土壤-水稻系统中镉运移的影响

稻田镉(Cd)污染治理是我国目前农田重金属污染治理的重点和难点.铁的氧化还原过程对Cd在土壤-水稻系统中的运移发挥着极其重要的作用.从铁循环调控入手,研发阻控稻米Cd累积的钝化技术及产品,势必能为农田重金属污染治理提供新的解决途径.本研究以自主研发的改良剂为对象,通过野外田间试验,研究改良剂对Cd从根际土壤向根表铁膜迁移及在水稻不同组织器官间转运的影响,探索铁循环影响Cd在根际土壤-水稻系统中运移的机制.结果表明,改良剂施用促进了根际土壤中铁硫化物的形成,其与Cd共沉淀显著减少了分蘖期、拔节期和灌浆期根际土壤中乙酸铵浸提态Cd(NH4AcCd)的含量;成熟期排水烤田致使铁硫化物被氧化,其对Cd的释放显著增大了根际土壤中NH4Ac-Cd的含量;铁硫化物形成减弱了Fe(Ⅱ)从根际土壤向根表的迁移能力,铁膜中铁(DCB-Fe)的含量随之减小,铁膜对Cd的吸附能力减弱导致分蘖期和灌浆期铁膜中Cd(DCB-Cd)的含量显著减小;改良剂施用有效减弱了根系对Cd的转运能力,增大了拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期Cd在根系的分布比例,而减少了拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期Cd在茎叶、以及成熟期Cd在糙米中的分布比例.本研究成果将为后期改良剂的研发及应用提供理论依据,对解决稻田Cd污染治理难题具有重要意义.     

水库水体热分层的水质及细菌群落分布特征

作为重要的城市饮用水源地,水库是人工筑坝形成的特殊类型的水体,其水质直接影响居民的饮用水安全.为揭示北京市饮用水源地密云水库的秋季分层特征和细菌群落的垂直变化,于水体稳定分层期(秋季)在水库进行采样,应用16S rDNA末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和定量PCR等方法研究了密云水库水体细菌群落的垂直分布特征,并利用聚类分析、多元统计分析揭示细菌群落与环境因子之间的响应关系.结果表明:(1)密云水库水体温跃层位于水深20～30 m处,水温范围在15～19℃,聚类分析将7个采样水层划分为好氧区(上层)和缺氧区(下层)两类,温度、DO、pH在15 m以下逐渐降低,电导率、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮及总氮在15 m后发生显著变化,水体水质表现出明显的垂直分布特征;(2)RDA分析结果显示,上下水层的溶解氧、pH、电导率、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮存在较为明显的垂向变化,是影响密云水库细菌群落垂直分布的主要环境因子;(3)总细菌的数量随水深变化的波动较为明显,其中好氧区细菌的Shannon-Wiener指数和T-RFs片段数明显高于缺氧区,说明秋季密云水库水体中细菌群落分布存在显著的分层现象.本研究探究了水体热分层对水库水质及细菌群落的影响,可为预测水质变化和水库管理提供科学依据.     

我国东部沿海热带气旋演化特征研究

我国是遭受热带气旋灾害最为严重的国家之一.其年际年代际演化特征仍不清晰.采用中国气象局公布的1949?—?2018年的最佳路径数据集、登陆热带气旋名录以及HadlSST数据,探讨近70 a以来我国东部沿海热带气旋的时空演化特征及其与海表温度变化的内在关联.结果表明:(1)70 a间,热带气旋生成个数以及登陆我国东部沿海地区的个数略有波动,但超强热带气旋个数生成以及登陆我国的个数呈现明显增加趋势;登陆我国东部沿海地区的热带气旋大多生成于7、8、9月份,但4月以及11月也存在热带气旋生成并登陆现象.(2)登陆我国东部沿海地区的热带气旋主要生成于西北太平洋海域(432个)、南海海域(199个)和东海海域(28个),且主要在我国广东(220个)、海南(153个)、台湾(146个)、福建(47个)登陆.(3)热带气旋生成及登陆我国气旋与全球海表温度具有高度相关性;与西太平洋海温呈正相关,与东太平洋与印度洋海温呈负相关.     

嗜水气单胞菌强化老化纳米零价铁去除水中Cr(VI)

基于老化对纳米零价铁（NZVI）去除水中Cr（VI）的不利影响,本研究考察了接种嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）强化老化NZVI对水中Cr（VI）的去除,并分析了溶解氧、温度、pH、Cr（VI）初始浓度对其去除Cr（VI）的影响,同时利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等分析了反应前后材料的形貌特征及Cr的价态变化.结果表明,接种嗜水气单胞菌能显著提高无氧条件下老化NZVI对Cr（VI）的去除效果,且在酸性条件和30~40 ℃条件下去除效果较好,可能是因为该条件下更有利于老化NZVI的腐蚀和微生物的生长,此外,Cr（VI）去除效率随Cr（VI）初始浓度升高而降低.在pH=6,温度为30 ℃,老化nZVI投加量为0.1 g·L^-1,Cr（VI）初始浓度为50 mg·L^-1的条件下反应24 h后,Cr（VI）的去除率可达到100%.XPS分析表明,反应后NZVI表面沉积的Cr主要以Cr（III）的形式存在,可能为Cr（OH）₃沉淀或Fe_xCr_1-x（OH）₃共沉淀物.动力学研究发现,Cr（VI）去除过程符合准二级动力学,去除机制为Cr（VI）的吸附、还原与共沉淀,其中以还原作用为主.     

基于MGWR模型的中国城市PM2.5影响因素空间异质性

基于全国297个地级市2018年PM_2.5浓度数据、自然与社会经济数据,采用多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）模型分析了各影响因素对PM_2.5浓度的作用尺度与影响效果的空间异质性.结果表明,MGWR模型适用于中国地级市PM_2.5浓度影响因素研究.在作用尺度上,人均GDP、技术支持水平作用尺度最大,其次是相对湿度、居民地比重、人口密度与风速,降水量、第二产业比重、植被覆盖状况、温度与能源消费强度作用尺度最为局限.在影响效果上,相对湿度、人口密度与居民地比重全部为正向作用;第二产业比重和能源消费强度主要为正向作用,分别占总样本的70.71%与64.98%;风速、温度既存在正向作用也存在负向作用,空间上呈两极分化,其中正向作用分别占总样本的49.83%与57.91%;降水量、植被覆盖状况主要为负向作用,分别占总样本的91.58%与69.70%;人均GDP、技术支持水平全部为负向作用.研究结果表明各因素对于中国城市PM_2.5浓度的影响均存在着不同程度的空间异质性.     

Aging of PVDF and PES ultrafiltration membranes by sodium hypochlorite: Effect of solution pH

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is a commonly applied cleaning agent for ultrafiltration membranes in water and wastewater treatment. Long-term exposure to NaClO might change the properties and performance of polymeric membranes, and ultimately shorten membrane lifespan. Active species in NaClO solution vary with solution pH, and the aging effects can change depending on the membrane material. In this study, the aging of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethersulfone (PES) membranes by NaClO at pH 3–11 was investigated by examining variations in chemical composition, surface charge, surface morphology, mechanical strength, permeability, and retention ability. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), which was blended in both membranes, was oxidized and dislodged due to NaClO aging at all investigated pH values, but the oxidation products and dislodgement ratio of PVP varied with solution pH. For the PVDF membrane, NaClO aging at pH 3–11 caused a moderate increase in permeability and decreased retention due to the oxidation and release of PVP. The tensile strength decreased only at pH 11 because of the defluorination of PVDF molecules. For the PES membrane, NaClO aging at all investigated pH resulted in chain scission of PES molecules, which was favored at pH 7 and 9, potentially due to the formation of free radicals. Therefore, a decrease in tensile strength and retention ability, as well as an increase in permeability, occurred in the PES membrane for NaClO aging at pH 3–11. Overall, the results can provide a basis for selecting chemical cleaning conditions for PVDF and PES membranes.     

Degradation of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) by Stenotrophomonas sp. YCJ1 isolated from farmland soil

In recent years, poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) has been widely used. However, PBAT-degrading bacteria have rarely been reported. PBAT-degrading bacteria were isolated from farmland soil and identified. The effects of growth factors on the degradation of PBAT and the lipase activity of PBAT-degrading bacteria were assessed. The degradation mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that Stenotrophomonas sp. YCJ1 had a significant degrading effect on PBAT. Under certain conditions, the strain could secrete 10.53 U/mL of lipase activity and degrade 10.14 wt.% of PBAT films. The strain secreted lipase to catalyze the degradation of the ester bonds in PBAT, resulting in the production of degradation products such as terephthalic acid, 1,4-butanediol, and adipic acid. Furthermore, the degradation products could participate in the metabolism of YCJ1 as carbon sources to facilitate complete degradation of PBAT, indicating that the strain has potential value for the bioremediation of PBAT in the environment.     

Influence of particle size on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles: Role of structural hydration layer

More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and pH all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.     

Properties of a Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase from Penicillium funiculosum

A poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase was purified from a fungus, Penicillium funiculosum (IFO6345), with phenyl-Toyopearl and its properties were compared with those of other PHB depolymerases. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated at about 33 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pH optimum and pI were 6.5 and 6.5, respectively. The purified protein showed affinity to Con A-Sepharose, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. Diisopropylfluorophosphate and dithiothreitol inhibited the depolymerase activity completely. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme was TALPAFNVNPNSVSVSGLSSGGYMAAQL, which contained a lipase box sequence. This purified enzyme is one of the extracellular PHB depolymerase which belong to serine esterase. The purified enzyme showed relatively strong hydrolytic activity against 3-hydroxybutyrate oligomers compared with its PHB-degrading activity. PHB-binding experiments showed that P. funiculosum depolymerase has the weakest affinity for PHB of all the depolymerases examined.     

结合外场观测分析珠三角二次有机气溶胶的数值模拟

结合2008年11月18~25日期间珠三角地区的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)外场观测数据,验证区域空气质量模式WRF/Chem(weather research and forecasting model with chemistry)中两种SOA化学机制——VBS(volatile basis set)和SORGAM(secondary organic aerosol model)对珠三角SOA的模拟效果.VBS机制考虑了更为广泛的SOA前体物和化学老化过程,SOA模拟值更接近观测值,能合理反映SOA观测值的逐天变化趋势,与观测值的平均绝对偏差和相关性分别是-4.88μg·m-3和0.91,而SORGAM机制的分别为-5.32μg·m-3和0.18.利用VBS机制模拟区域内SOA的时空分布,结果显示SOA浓度具有显著的昼夜变化特征,浓度峰值出现在中午时段.受到输送和臭氧区域分布的影响,各城市SOA浓度差异显著,下风向的城市(如中山、珠海、江门)SOA浓度较高.