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51.
K.M.S. Sundaram 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):1321-1340
Abstract The adsorption, desorption and binding of the insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk toxin) onto autoclaved sandy and clay loam forest soils were studied at 23°C in a buffer medium (pH 10.2) using the precipitated protein mixture (active + inactive) obtained from a commercial Btk formulation. The active protein in the buffer solution was quantified by ELISA technique. Maximum adsorption of the toxin onto the sandy (301 μg/g) and clay (474 μg/g) loam soils was found to occur after 3 and 4 hours of agitation, respectively. Adsorption of the toxin was higher in the clay loam soil than in sandy loam. Adsorption parameters were calculated using the Freundlich and linear isotherm equations. The KF and 1/n values for the soils were 1.12 and 1.48 (sandy), and 20.42 and 0.874 (clay), respectively, indicating stronger affinity of the toxin for the clay compared to the sandy loam soil. The linear model showed deviations at higher concentrations, nevertheless using the best fit, KD and KOC values were computed for the two soils. For sandy loam, the KD and KOC values were 9.38 and 391, respectively; the corresponding values for clay loam were 13.19 and 425, confirming the higher sorption affinity of the toxin for clay loam. The adsorption data did not fit the Langmuir equation because of heterogeneity of the soil surface. Desorption studies showed that more than half of the adsorbed toxic protein remained firmly attached to sandy (162.6 μg/g or 54.5%) and clay (314.0 μg/g or 67.4%) loam soils after six 0.5‐h washes (total 3.0 h wash time). Although the toxin appears to be a non‐leacher, its lateral mobility, soil persistence and biological consequences, including bioavailability of the bound residues, are poorly understood and require further investigation. 相似文献
52.
R.A. Chapman J.H. Tolman C.R. Harris C. Cole 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):685-690
Abstract Fenvalerate EC at 140 g AI/ha was applied 7 times at 2 wk intervals to duplicate plots of Plainfield sand and an organic soil contained in 2.2 x 0.9 m field microplots with and without an onion crop present in 1980 and 1981 respectively. Soil samples were taken immediately before and after each application and at 2, 4, and 6 wk after the last application in 1980. Additional samples were taken at 22 and 34 wk for the 1981 treatment. Concentrations of fenvalerate were determined by glc. In the crop‐free mineral soil, fenvalerate levels declined from. 0.07–0.11 ppm immediately after spraying to 0.01–0.03 ppm after 2 wk; in the organic soil the rate of addition of fenvalerate exceeded the rate of disappearance and the concentration in the soil gradually increased over the 14 wk treatment period to the 0.9–1.0 ppm range. This concentration decreased slowly over the next 10 wk to 0.7–0.8 ppm and was still 0.5–0.7 ppm the following spring. Results were similar for cropped soils. Concentrations in the top third of the 15 cm cores were 6x and 15x those in the middle third for sand and organic soil, respectively. Concentrations, in the onions at harvest were <0.01 ppm. 相似文献
53.
Wagner S. Tavares Mariana A. Costa Ivan Cruz Rodrigo D. Silveira José E. Serrão José C. Zanuncio 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):557-561
Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest of corn in several American countries. It is mainly controlled with synthetic insecticides. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the natural products, neem oil and pyroligneous extract, and the synthetic insecticide, lufenuron, at 2.50mL water (0.25 %) on the mortality of 2-, 4- and 6-day-old caterpillars of S. frugiperda, and their selectivities against fourth instar larvae of Eriopis connnexa Germar (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Four- and 6-day-old S. frugiperda caterpillars showed higher mortality after exposure to neem oil (83.33 ± 0.83 and 89.58 ± 0.90 %, respectively) and lufenuron (95.83 ± 0.96 and 85.41 ± 0.83 %), compared to pyroligneous extract (68.75 ± 0.69 and 31.25 ± 0.31 %). The deleterious effect of pyroligneous extract was higher in 2- (83.33 ± 0.83 % mortality) and 4-day-old (68.75 ± 0.69 %) S. frugiperda caterpillars than in 6-day-old caterpillars (31.25 ± 0.31 %). Larval mortality of the predator E. connexa was lower with neem oil and pyroligneous extract (25.00 ± 0.33 %) than with lufenuron (91.66 ± 1.22 %). Neem oil is thus recommended for control of S. frugiperda because of its high toxicity, combined with its relatively low toxicity to larvae of the natural enemy E. connexa. 相似文献
54.
杀虫剂及抗生素对发光菌的短期毒性与长期毒性 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
以毒物对青海弧菌Q67 (Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67)发光抑制为毒性指标,基于短期微板毒性分析法(S-MTA法),建立了长期微板毒性分析法(L-MTA法),测定了吡虫啉(IMI)、抗蚜威(PIR)、啶虫脒(ACE)及敌百虫(DIP)等4种杀虫剂与氯霉素(CHL)、盐酸四环素(TET)、硫酸链霉素(STR)及硫酸巴龙霉素(PAR)等4种抗生素的短期(15 min)毒性和长期(12 h)毒性.采用短期毒性与长期毒性EC50之比(RSL)为指标,表征同一物质的毒性差异. 结果表明:3种杀虫剂(IMI,ACE及PIR)的短期毒性与长期毒性差异不大(其RSL分别为0.84,0.81和1.11);杀虫剂DIP和2个抗生素(CHL及TET)的短期毒性与长期毒性差异明显(其RSL分别为11.76,9.67及154.38);另2个抗生素(STR和PAR)只有较强的长期毒性. 相似文献
55.
Shaiene C. Moreno Flaviano O. Silvério Mayara C. Lopes Rodrigo S. Ramos Marcelo C. Picanço 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(4):237-243
There is increasing demand for new products for vegetable pest management. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of pyrethroids with acid moiety modifications to measure the insecticidal activity of these compounds on the lepidopteran vegetable pests Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Asciamonuste (Latreille) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and evaluate their selectivity for the predatory ant Solenopsis saevissima (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and pollinator Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae). Racemic mixtures of five new pyrethroids (30 µg molecule mg?1 insect body weight) resulted in high (100%) and rapid (stable LD50 after 12 h) mortality in D. hyalinata and A. monuste. In A. monuste, the trans-pyrethroid [12] isomer showed similar toxicity to permethrin. For D. hyalinata, the trans-pyrethroid [9] isomer and cis-pyrethroid [10] isomer were as toxic as permethrin. Due to their low selectivity, these new pyrethroids should be applied on the basis of ecological selectivity principles to minimize impacts on nontarget organisms S. saevissima and T. angustula. 相似文献
56.
Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in hepatopancreas and muscle of the crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.2 ppm) of fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, were studied. the glycogen and total carbohydrate levels decreased significantly in the tissues of crab exposed to fenvalerate. an increase in phosphorylase ‘a’ and decrease in aldolase activity levels suggested increased glycogenolysis, and decreased glycolysis during fenvalerate toxicity. Krebs cycle enzymes such as NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were decreased, suggesting reduced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased significantly, indicating enhanced oxidation of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was elevated indicating the development of anaerobic conditions at tissue level in the stressed crab. Cytochrome C oxidase and Mg2+ ATPase activity levels were also decreased, indicating the impaired energy synthesis and prevalence of energy crisis. These results suggest that fenvalerate has a profound effect on the glucose metabolism of crab. 相似文献
57.
Photolysis of pure isomers of endosulphan in the presence of triethylamine gives products arising by the loss of a chlorine atom from the geminal bridge. The structures of these products have been established. The α‐isomer of endosulphan isomerised to ß‐isomer on a leaf surface. 相似文献
58.
Ajit K. Sarmah Murray E. Close Norman W. H. Mason 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):325-336
We investigated dissipation and sorption of atrazine, terbuthylazine, bromacil, diazinon, hexazinone and procymidone in two contrasting New Zealand soils (0–10 cm and 40–50 cm) under controlled laboratory conditions. The six pesticides showed marked differences in their degradation rates in both top- and subsoils, and the estimated DT50 values for the compounds were: 19–120 (atrazine), 10–36 (terbuthylazine), 12–46 (bromacil), 7–25 (diazinon), 8–92 (hexazinone) and 13–60 days for procymidone. Diazinon had the lowest range for DT50 values, while bromacil and hexazinone gave the highest DT50 values under any given condition on any soil type. Batch derived effective distribution coefficient (K d eff) values for the pesticides varied markedly with bromacil and hexazinone exhibiting low sorption affinity for the soils at either depth, while diazinon gave high sorption values. Comparison of pesticide degradation in sterile and non-sterile soils suggests that microbial degradation was the major dissipation pathway for all six compounds, although little influence of abiotic degradation was noticeable for diazinon and procymidone. 相似文献
59.
Madiha F.M. Farghaly Salah M.A.D. Zayed Soliman M. Soliman 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):575-581
Deltamethrin [(S)-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-cis-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl) cyclo–propane carboxylate),1] labelled at gem-dimethyl groups of the cyclopropane ring was applied on two Egyptian soils at a level of 10 mg/kg soil for a laboratory incubation experiment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A steady decrease of soil extractable14C-residues, accompanied by a corresponding increase of non- extractable bound 14C-residues was observed over a 90-day incubation period. The percentage of evolved 14CO2 increased with time under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in both soils. The effect of deltamethrin on soil microorganisms as well as the counter effect of microorganisms on the insecticide was also investigated. As the incubation period increased, the inhibitory effect of the insecticide on the microorganisms decreased and the evolution of carbon dioxide depended on the applied dose. The nature of soil methanol soluble residues was determined by chromatographic analysis which revealed the presence of the parent insecticide as the main product in addition to four metabolites: 3-(2′,2′-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (II); 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (III); 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (IV); 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (V). 相似文献
60.
本文采用较新的致敏性检测方法小鼠耳肿实验对83—1除草剂和纯中药杀虫剂速杀威进行了检测。实验共设6个组,包括:速杀威原液,10%速杀威,0.16%83—1,0.32%83—1及阴性和阳性对照组。结果显示4个受试物组在致敏后24小时和48小时均未观察到致敏作用,说明该受试物在此条件下不具致敏性,同时也验证了小鼠耳肿试验用于有色受试物检测致敏性的优越性。 相似文献