Effects of conditioning,cross‐conditioning,and microbial growth on development of enhanced biodegradation of insecticides in soil

Abstract

Pretreatment of a Drummer‐Catlin soil mixture with granular formulations of carbofuran or trimethacarb enhanced biodegradation of subsequent treatments with the technical formulations. Degradation of carbofuran was enhanced by pretreatments with trimethacarb, and degradation of trimethacarb was enhanced by pretreatments with carbofuran. Bendiocarb degradation was enhanced by pretreatments of soil with carbofuran or trimethacarb. In bioassays with southern corn rootworm larvae, biological activity of carbofuran, trimethacarb, and bendiocarb was rapidly lost in soils pretreated with granular formulations. Pretreatment of soil with granular terbufos did not enhance the biodegradation of subsequent applications of technical terbufos. Several microbial biomass assays showed an increase in specific carbofuran‐degrading bacteria in soils that were pretreated with carbofuran. Bacteria were isolated that could grow on carbofuran and apparently degrade it when present with another carbon source.     

印楝素及印楝杀虫剂的安全性评价研究进展

目前开发的新农药必须具有安全性高、残留低、与环境相容的无公害的农药,从一些植物材料中分离出杀虫活性物质来防治害虫具有较长的历史和优势,从印楝中可以分离出多种对害虫具有活性的化合物如印楝素及等可以有效地控制多种害虫。自印楝素被分离鉴定以来,其广谱而独特的生物活性受到人们的广泛关注,印楝素具有良好的杀虫、拒食、驱虫、昆虫生长调节作用等多种生物活性,在农药、日化等领域都有广泛的应用;由印楝素制备的印楝杀虫制剂对害虫的广谱作用、无残留,可减缓害虫的抗药性,是用于蔬菜、果树、茶叶等作物的理想农药,已成为一种近乎完美的植物源杀虫剂。针对日益严重的农药残留及热点关注的环境安全性等问题,系统总结了印楝素及印楝杀虫剂对人、动物等的毒性及环境安全性评价,将有利于全面评价印楝杀虫剂的安全性及有效地指导印楝杀虫剂开发、生产及推广应用。     

Dynamics of novel insecticide HNPC-A9908 residue in vegetable-field ecosystem

HNPC-A9908 （o-（3-phenoxybenzyl）-2-methylthio-1-（4-chlorophenyl） propyl ketone oxime）, a novel oxime insecticide, is a highly effective and broad-spectrum insecticide which can be widely used to control many species of foliar insects on various crops. A study was conducted to evaluate the fate of HNPC-A9908 and study the degradation dynamics of HNPC-A9908 residue in vegetable field ecosystem. The results showed that degradation of HNPC-A9908 was much faster in vegetable pakchoi than in soil, and its half-life in pakchoi and soil was 1.32 and 3.75 d, respectively. The final residue of HNPC-A9908 in pakchoi was at the undetectable level to 0.122 mg/kg. As a conclusion, a dosage of 90 g/hm^2 was suggested and considered to be safe to human beings and animals.     

Identification of impurities in technical monocrotophos

A number of impurities present in technical monocrotophos (76%) were isolated by column chromatography and structures were assigned by GC‐MS analysis.     

Persistence of granular and EC formulations of chlorpyrifos in a mineral and an organic soil incubated in open and closed containers

Abstract

Samples of a mineral soil (Plainfield sand) and an organic soil (muck) were treated with granular and EC formulations of chlorpyrifos and incubated at 27±1°C and 65±5% RH in open and closed containers. Duplicate samples of each soil‐formulation‐container combination were analyzed for residual chlorpyrifos during a 23 wk period. The disappearance rates observed demonstrate that the relative importance of formulation and containment on overall persistence depends on soil type. For the mineral soil, disappearance was slower from closed containers and formulation had only a slight effect while, in the organic soil the granular formulation disappeared slower than the EC and there was little difference between open and closed containers. The relative importance of degradation and volatilization in the disappearance of chlorpyrifos from soil is discussed.     

Review of advances in the thin layer chromatography of pesticides: 2010–2012

Techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (planar chromatography) for the separation, detection, qualitative and quantitative determination, and preparative isolation of pesticides and their metabolites and some related pollutants are reviewed for the period from November 1, 2010 to November 1, 2012. Analyses are described for a variety of samples types and pesticide classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide structure – retention relationships, identification and characterization of natural and synthesized pesticides, metabolism, degradation, mobility, lipophilicity, and mechanism of action are covered.     

Insecticide fingerprinting tecinique for detection and location of organochlorine insecticide rssiduss in foods

Abstract

Insecticide fingerprinting technique enables the detection and location of DDT and HCII residues in vegetables through the development of green and Prussian blue colors respectively. Cut vegetables are pressed against o‐tolidine impregnated paper and exposed to sunlight where colored spots appear instantly. The studies on 18 vegetable varieties revealed the pesticide residues and their distribution in different tissues. This direct method is sensitive (0.3 μg for HCII & 0.5 μg for DDT) and has special applications in quality control laboratorios and food industry.     

农药混配剂对大鼠肠酯酶同工酶的抑制作用研究

比较了速灭杀丁、杀螟松和增效剂NIA_(16388)的单剂和混剂在离体与整体条件下对大鼠肠脂酶同工酶的抑制作用.结果表明,大鼠肠至少有10条酯酶带,主要由羧酸酯酶组成.杀螟松能强烈抑制羧酸酯酶活力,而速灭杀丁与NIA_(16388)在处理2h时呈现抑制作用,而随处理时间的增加酶活力有恢复的现象,羧酸酯酶的这种抑制作用同杀虫剂的剂量有关.     

卫生用农药对居室环境影响与评价

研究了以拟除虫菊酯类农药为主要配方的各种类型卫生用农药在居室介质材料上的降解速率及残留时间。试验表明，拟除虫菊酯类农药对家蚕毒性极大。推荐ＳＯＳ／Ｕｍｕ原位法测定家庭卫生用农药的致遗传毒性，该法简便、准确，并能根据酶诱导率了解毒性程度，剂量－反应关系明显。     

摇蚊乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系的建立及有机磷类药剂敏感度比较

花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)是一种重要的水生昆虫,经常用于水体环境质量的生物学评价.用正交试验方法研究了酶浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值、反应温度、反应时间5个因素对花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性测定的影响.通过对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析,明确了测定摇蚊AChE活性的最适反应条件是酶浓度为5头/mL、底物浓度为6 mmol/L、pH值为8.0、温度为35℃、反应时间为10 min.DDVP、马拉硫磷和甲胺磷对花翅摇蚊的LC50值分别为8.93 mg/L、16.74 mg/L和47.65 mg/L.利用正交试验得到的反应最适条件进一步研究了花翅摇蚊接触上述3种药剂亚致死剂量后对其体内AChE活性的影响.结果表明,无论是时间效应还是剂量效应,3种药剂对花翅摇蚊幼虫体内AChE影响的趋势与生物测定结果是一致的,其对花翅摇蚊幼虫体内AChE的抑制能力依次为DDVP、马拉硫磷和甲胺磷.