松江镇饮用水源区水环境管理模型

本文运用系统工程的理论和方法,构造了松江镇饮用水源区水环境管理模型的结构,给出了各子模型形式。然后用多种信息处理方法得到模型中参数的估计值。实际应用表明,该模型精度较高,功能较强,实用性好。     

基于Sen可行能力理论测度中国社会福利指数

本研究基于阿玛蒂亚·森(Sen)可行能力理论,运用2008-2013年中国31个省(市)面板数据,采取模糊数学理论与主成分因子分析法测度中国社会福利指数。通过理论与实证研究发现:第一,东中西部地区社会福利指数差异性较大,其波动呈不规则趋势,且社会福利与经济发展呈脱钩状况。第二,计算MI与GC指数发现,各地区社会福利指数之间存在正的空间相关性,且东中西部地区社会福利指数存在空间集聚与扩散现象。第三,利用动态空间面板模型实证检验发现,社会福利指数存在时滞性,且城镇化率与外贸出口占比越高,越有利于提高社会福利水平,而经济增长与工业化对社会福利影响力相对较低。鉴于此,为有效提高中国社会福利,使经济发展与社会福利二者相匹配,本研究提出以下政策建议:首先,学术界应改变传统的福利经济学思维体系,将更多的研究重点放在功能自由与能力自由两方面。其次,各地区应加强区域间交流合作,减少"以邻为壑"现象,促进区域发展一体化。最后,中央与地方政府应转变经济发展模式与理念,加大民生与环境保护方面投入,进而提高居民生活质量。     

AGRICULTURAL NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER: AN EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY1

ABSTRACT: The contribution of agriculture to nitrate pollution of 8Urface and ground water is a growing concern throughout the world. The objective of this article is to evaluate the current environmental policy governing nitrate contamination of ground water in the South Platte alluvial aquifer. In particular, the “best management practice” approach is assessed in its relationship to optimal policy design. First, the current physical environmental problem and existing institutional arrangements are described. Second, legal and economic criteria are brought to bear on the question of appropriate policy design. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the existing policy are evaluated in this context and changes in policy that would increase effectiveness are recommended. Considerable justification is found for state-initiated control because victims of ground water pollution are dispersed and risk assessment is technically demanding. However, ex post elements of existing policy must be improved, perhaps through targeting and some devolution in monitoring and enforcement responsibilities.     

生态产品价值实现机制的理论基础：热力学，景感学，经济学与区块链

当前,生态产品价值实现探索实践中面临生态系统服务度量难、核算难、货币化难、交易难等基础性难题,导致生态产品价值核算体系不统一、生态产品市场交易机制不完善、各类生态产品交易平台不规范、绿色金融滞后、绿色发展市场化激励机制不足等问题。本文从最关键的生态产品价值理论出发,梳理生态产品价值实现困境的根源和理论基础,并尝试提出可能的多元核算方法与热力学、景感学、经济学相结合的实践解决路径,形成不同单位的统一核算标的物。通过探索利用区块链、大数据等科技赋能生态产品价值实现,提出构建生态资产加密数字货币化的可能性,并进一步形成不同生态产品的价格形成机制、成本监审制度和价格调整机制,完善生态产品市场交易机制,建立统一的生态产品交易平台,促进绿色金融发展,推动自然资源管理能力现代化。     

安全经济学应用原理及新观点

安全经济学理论急需加速发展,才能适应新时期安全发展的新需要。论文运用理论研究和逻辑思辨方法,依据从实践到理论的原则,在简述有关安全经济学核心原理的基础上,归纳出安全经济问题的人性假设原理、现实安全经济问题的时空边际预设原理等14条安全经济学应用原理及一些推论,并基于安全经济学应用原理提出了安全是一种资源并可引申为一种等效生产要素、资本或产品的新观点。研究结果对发展安全经济学理论和创新安全管理模式等具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

AGRICULTURAL WATER MODELING AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION NEEDS UNDER THE MODEL WATER CODE1

ABSTRACT: Economic information for efficient water allocation is difficult and costly to acquire under administrative water systems evolving under the Model Water Code. One approach to obtaining more information is to use a simulator like the Florida AGWATER model. The advantage of AGWATER is the potential for realistic prediction, because it operates at the field and day levels, using detailed information for each crop and tract. Unfortunately, such simulators are complex and require large amounts of costly input data. A better solution to the information problem may be to use markets for the marketable goods associated with water, because information is inherent in such a process. This approach will allow limited modeling and management resources to be put into using water models to generate information for the goods dependent on water that are difficult to market, like wildlife services.     

RURAL HOUSEHOLD RESPONSE TO WATER CONTAMINATION IN WEST VIRGINIA1

ABSTRACT: About one-third of all West Virginians obtain domestic water from private water wells. In this research, mail and telephone surveys were used to investigate household responses to bacteria, mineral, and organic chemical contamination of domestic water supplies. Of households who were informed of contamination and acknowledged the problem, over 85 percent took action to avoid exposure to water contamination problems. The most common action was to clean and/or repair the water system (55.9 percent of valid surveys). Approximately 45 percent of households made investments of either a water treatment system, a new water source, or correction of contamination source. The average, annual economic cost of rural household actions was $320 for bacteria, $357 for minerals, and $1,090 for organic contamination. These economic costs represent a lower bound estimate for rural household willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a reduction in domestic water contamination from government action. On average, investment actions had lower annual economic costs than noninvestment actions of boiling and hauling water so that households who undertook investment actions in response to water contamination would have a lower WTP for government action to reduce water contamination. When effectiveness of water treatment systems was evaluated, treatment systems which require minimal household maintenance were found to reduce exposure to water contamination to safe levels as households intended when they installed the system. Treatment systems which were commonly ineffective included those which required continual maintenance (e.g., chiorinators) or were not designed to solve the contaminant problem for which they were purchased (e.g., filter systems for bacteria).     

What Price Cheap Food?

This paper is the report of a meetingthat gathered many of the UK's most senioranimal scientists with representatives of thefarming industry, consumer groups, animalwelfare groups, and environmentalists. Therewas strong consensus that the current economicstructure of agriculture cannot adequatelyaddress major issues of concern to society:farm incomes, food security and safety, theneeds of developing countries, animal welfare,and the environment. This economic structure isbased primarily on competition betweenproducers and between retailers, driving foodprices down, combined with externalization ofmany costs. These issues must be addressed by acombination of legislation, restructuring ofthe market, and use of public funds. Themeeting included workshops that made otherrecommendations for research and education. Themost urgent requirement is recognition thatchange is needed and development of a visionfor what that change must achieve.     

从“治”到“化”的规模化养殖场废物处理的循环经济模式

首先讨论了“治”字思维模式下,我国禽畜养殖业规模化养殖场存在污染物既不经济又不环保的严峻现实问题。事实上,规模化禽畜养殖场产生的“废物”,既是严重的污染源,又是一种必须利用的资源。因此,针对规模化养殖场的污染物“治”字思维问题,在立足于粪便及污水的综合利用100%“资源化”的“化”字思维指导下,遵循循环经济原则,建立无废无污开放式闭合循环的生态经济新模式。一方面,养殖业所有流程按循环利用原则,实行生态工艺或无废工艺的改造;另一方面,在一个大的区域里把畜禽养殖业与其它产业,特别是大农业中的种植业以生态经济循环链锁关系配置成首尾相接的“废料—原料”的循环经济新模式,在达到边际成本最低的同时取得边际效益的最大化。     

论环境资源的有偿使用

本文分析了环境资源的稀缺性及其具有的使用价值,指出只有在资源分配中引入市场的价值规律,才能公平地、有效地使用环境资源,避免掠夺性的占用。文章呼吁研究建立我国环境资源及排污许可证的交易市场。