北京能源消费排放CO2增量的影响因素分析——基于三层嵌套式的I-O SDA技术

通过构建一个扩展的竞争型经济-能源-碳排放投入产出表,运用三层嵌套结构式I-O SDA 技术,从整体情况、分产业、工业分行业3 个层面,对1997—2007 年北京的碳排放增量进行了分解。结果表明:消费、投资、调出和出口等经济规模增长要素,以272.46%的贡献率成为增排的主要因素,而能源消费强度变动效应,则以-237.13%的贡献率成为减排的决定性因素;在规模扩张各效应中,调出和消费超过投资和出口达8 403.38×10⁴ t,是增排的主要贡献者;2002—2007 年间以“高碳”为特征的新一轮工业化,使该期增排占到1997—2007年总增量的86.41%;服务业的贡献率是75.93%,为增排的第一大部门,但2002—2007 年工业超出服务业1 036.40×10⁴ t;重制造业的贡献率是1 030.76%,为增排的重点行业,而能源工业则以-992.81%的贡献率,成为减排的重点行业;各时段各效应在不同产业、工业不同行业发挥的作用大小不同且不够稳定。     

基于外部效应分析机井密度对地下水位的影响

农用机井的迅猛发展使地下水灌溉在我国的粮食生产中发挥了重要作用,但同时也使地下水面临超采严重和水位下降的严峻形势。为了可持续地利用地下水资源,政府需采取必要措施。鉴于地下水使用中存在的外部效应,合理控制机井密度可能是值得政府考虑的重要举措之一。然而,现有文献对机井密度与地下水位之间的关系仍缺乏实证分析。本研究以兰考县为案例研究区,结合有关部门的机井普查数据和研究小组搜集的农户调研数据,利用空间分析和计量模型分析,发现机井密度与地下水位之间具有显著的关系。具体而言,当某一机井100 m半径范围内的机井数目每增加一眼,该机井的水位显著下降约15 cm;机井密度对水位的边际影响随半径范围的扩大而下降。研究建议：政府在今后应采取有关措施控制机井密度,加强地下水取水许可证制度建设等配套措施。     

Potential economic impact of introduction and spread of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in Hawaii

Globally, many invasive alien species have caused extensive ecological and economic damage from either accidental or intentional introduction. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, has created billions of dollars in costs annually, spreading as an invasive species across the southern United States. In 1998, the red imported fire ant spread into California creating a highly probable future introduction via shipped products to Hawaii. This paper presents the estimation of potential economic impacts of the red imported fire ant (RIFA) to the state of Hawaii. Evaluation of impacts focuses on the economic sectors of (1) households, (2) agriculture (cattle and crop production), (3) infrastructure (cemeteries, churches, cities, electrical, telephone, and cable services, highways, hospitals and schools), (4) recreation, tourism and business (hotels/resort areas, golf courses, commercial businesses and tourists), and (5) government expenditures (with minimal intervention). The full annual economic costs of the red imported fire ant to Hawaii are estimated (in US$ 2006) to be $211 million/year, comprised of $77 million in damages and expenditures and $134 million in foregone outdoor opportunities to households and tourists. The present value of the projected costs of RIFA over a 20-year period after introduction total $2.5 billion. RIFA invasions across the globe indicate that economic cost-effective action in Hawaii entails implementation of prevention, early detection and rapid response treatment programs for RIFA.     

论污染经济

通过两种经济学的观点分析了一种较为特殊的污染经济，发现环境污染发生后，污染经济在市场运作方面可能存在一定的正效应，但污染经济由于污染本身的经济负效应作用而使其不能带来经济上的财富积累。     

Cleaner production: profit for future generations

The fate of the environment, currently endangered by human arrogance and oversight, is one of the most pressing problems of our times. This problem cannot be tackled unless cleaner production, cleaner products and cleaner values evolve into a more expansive concept and become part and parcel of the dominant social paradigm. Since its inception in 1985, the Biopolitics International Organisation (B.I.O.) has been raising awareness of the urgent need to develop and adopt biocentric values and ethics in society, and has been promoting a series of initiatives to increase bio-environmental appreciation. This paper presents the conceptual framework of these initiatives, as well as a general overview of the fundamental principles of the Biopolitics International Organisation.     

实现传统经济向生态经济的转变

认为生态环境危机的出现，归根结蒂，在于人类社会的价值观存在着重大的错误以及由此而采取的经济发展模式存在着重大的错误；要缓解生态环境危机，人类社会必须改变价值观，改变经济发展模式，实现传统经济向生态经济的转变，走可持续发展的道路；为了实现这种转变，人类在经济活动中，必须遵循生态经济规律，建立企业生态经济管理模式，合理利用资源，优化产业结构，重视经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的协调和统一。文章还认为，为了实现这种转变，从联合国到个人，各国政府、各种组织、各行各业，都必须行动起来，参与生态经济建设。最后提出和讨论了生态经济学今后应该加强研究的几个问题。     

人口增长、经济增长、技术变化与环境变迁——中国现代环境变迁(1952—1990)

本文主要研究人口增长、经济增长、技术变化三大因素对环境质量变化的影响。作者提出环境变迁曲线,与人口转变曲线、工业化过程相联系,并划分了环境变迁四个阶段。根据环境变迁过程以及动因,在国际比较范围内,进一步说明了中国环境变迁的特点。作者认为,强化减少污染型技术因素是改善环境质量的主要途径,与此同时,坚持控制人口增长,以减少环境压力。     

中小城镇环境规划中循环经济理念的拓展

我国小城镇环境规划作为社会经济发展计划的有机组成部分，是促进城镇的环境管理和可持续发展的重要手段。循环经济是生态型经济，在小城镇环境规划中引入循环经济理念并对其指标和内容进行拓展，目的是实现资源的高效利用和不断循环，使城镇经济发展更适应环境保护和生态循环的需要，是未来重要的发展趋势之一。     

ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR FLOOD AND SEDIMENT CONTROL WITH DETENTION BASINS1

ABSTRACT: A framework for combining economic factors and the hydrolo of detention basins is provided. The general development of economic production functions for water quality (sediment) and flood control is discussed. Example production functions are generated to compare water quality (sediment control only) and flood control. For the given example, the design of a detention basin for downstream sediment control is economically unwarranted. When compared to on-site detention facilities, regional detention structures appear to be more practical from an economic standpoint for water quality control. Since sediment was the only water quality parameter assessed, it is entirely possible that the design of a detention basin for water quality control would be justified if the effects of all pollutants of concern could be quantified. Policy aspects of detention facilities that relate to the economics of water quality control are also discussed.     

Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) from fluorescent pseudomonads in retrospect and prospect

Poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates] (PHAs) are biopolymers stored by bacteria, which are currently receiving much attention because of their potential as renewable and biodegradable plastics. Most well-known representatives are poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] and its copolymers with 3-hydroxyvalerate, which have been commercialized under the trademark Biopol. In addition to these rigid materials, the elastomeric medium-chain length PHAs (mcl-PHAs) produced by fluorescent Pseudomonads are now emerging. The present review aims to survey the important developments concerning research and application prospects of mcl-PHAs.