氢氧同位素交换动力学及其地质意义

氢氧同位素交换动力学是同位素地球化学学科的前沿。它使同位素地球化学的研究由静态向动态、定性向定量、封闭体系向开放体系发展 ;为各种天然地质过程的研究定量提供有关的时间、温度、作用机制、演化途径及地质体的冷却史等重要信息。本文概述了氢氧同位素交换动力学参数、同位素交换动力学模式、在地学研究中的应用及实验测试新技术等。     

海洋沉积物中的多氯联苯

综述了目前国内外对PCB的研究状况，并指出了PCB的来源、分布及其在沉积物和水相之间的循环受人为活动和生物活动等许多因素的影响。此外本文还概述了PCB的毒性研究近况以及测定其在沉积物中行为的方法，从而为控制环境污染提供了科学依据。     

金堆城超大型钼矿床水-岩δD-δ~(18)O同位素交换体系理论模型及成矿流体来源

基于水-岩δD-δ18O同位素交换体系理论模型的建立和计算，对金堆城超大型斑岩钼矿四个不同成矿期中成矿流体的演化和来源进行了研究，发现在成矿前期和早期，成矿流体为岩浆水与围岩在较低水／岩比值（0．1W／R＞0．001）和中、高温（t=250～500℃）条件下反应后的残余流体，而主成矿期和成矿晚期的成矿流作为大气降水在相对较高水／岩比值（0．5＞W／R0．1）和中、低温（t＝150～310℃）条件下与围岩反应后的残留流体。大气降水在金堆城钼矿成矿过程中起了重要作用。在主成矿期水／岩比值达到最高。     

狭窄海湾潮交换的分段模式Ⅰ.模式的建立

Ｋｕｏ 和 Ｎｅｉｌｓｏｎ 的分区段潮交换模式基于 Ｋｅｔｃｈｕｍ 潮冲程理论划分区段，并以各断面的回流系数来反映区段间的交换特征，是一个适合于狭长小潮湾沿程水交换近似估算的简捷有效的模式。本研究对该模式中的混合过程物理简化方式作了更为合理的修正，即引进了“内湾各相邻区段间水体混合交换同时发生”的设定。同时，基于对交换率概念的系统分析，本文还对模式中最重要的特征参数回流系数的特性及其简化确定方法作了进一步探讨     

狭窄海湾潮交换的分段模式Ⅱ.在象山港的应用

作者前文所建立的狭窄海湾潮交换的分段模式的合理性由矩形海湾数值计算结果得到验证，并被应用于象山港海湾水的更新周期估算     

Insights into multidimensional transport flux from vertical observation and numerical simulation in two cities in North China

This study represents the first quantitative evaluation of pollution transport budget within the boundary layer of typical cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from the perspective of horizontal and vertical exchanges and further discusses the impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)-free troposphere (FT) exchange on concentration of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) within the ABL during heavy pollution. From the perspective of the transport flux balance relationship, differences in pollution transport characteristics between the two cities is mainly reflected in the ABL-FT exchange effect. The FT mainly flowed into the ABL in BJ, while in SJZ, the outflow from the ABL to the FT was more intense. Combined with an analysis of vertical wind profile distribution, BJ was found to be more susceptible to the influence of northwest cold high prevailing in winter, while sinking of strong cold air allowed the FT flowing into the ABL influence the vertical exchange over BJ. In addition, we selected a typical pollution event for targeted analysis to understand mechanistic details of the influence of ABL-FT exchange on the pollution event. These results showed that ABL-FT interaction played an important role in PM_2.5 concentration within the ABL during heavy pollution. Especially in the early stage of heavy pollution, FT transport contributed as much as 82.74% of PM_2.5 within the ABL. These findings are significant for improving our understanding of pollution transport characteristics within the boundary layer and the effect of ABL-FT exchange on air quality.     

树脂负载Fe3+/Cu2+多相类芬顿降解染料橙黄

制备了新型多相类Fenton催化剂(Fe3+cu2+)/R(Fe3+和cu2+同时负载于离子交换树脂),以橙黄Ⅳ为研究对象,探讨了初始过氧化氢浓度、橙黄Ⅳ浓度、催化剂量、初始pH值及温度等因素对催化反应速率的影响,并对该催化剂重复使用性能进行测试.研究结果表明,该催化剂(Fe3++Cu2+)/R与Fe3+/R相比表现出更好的催化过氧化氢分解的活性,使橙黄Ⅳ的降解率提高10%;催化过氧化氢氧化橙黄Ⅳ的反应遵循假一级反应动力学,反应活化能为10.71 kJ·mol-1;催化剂表现出良好的重复使用性能,Fe3+和cu2+在树脂表面负载比较牢固,具有较好的稳定性和耐用性.同时,电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试结果表明,cu2+的掺杂能有效地促进OH·的产生;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试结果表明,反应过程中存在高价态铁物种.因此,在该体系反应过程中产生的活性物种是OH·和高价态铁同时共存.     

Human appropriation of net primary production as determinant of avifauna diversity in Austria

The relationship between land-use induced changes in production ecology and avifauna diversity was analysed using a GIS land cover dataset on a 0.25 km × 0.25 km grid covering Austria's national territory. Considering only aboveground processes, the “human appropriation of net primary production” (HANPP = potential NPP − NPP_t), actual NPP (NPP_act), harvest (NPP_h) and NPP_t (= NPP_act − harvest) were recalculated based on existing datasets. Elevation as well as indicators of land cover heterogeneity and landscape heterogeneity were also considered. Correlation analyses were performed between these potential determinants of avifauna diversity and breeding bird species richness data as well as the percentage of endangered breeding birds included in the Austrian red list. Four spatial scales—0.25 km × 0.25 km, 1 km × 1 km, 4 km × 4 km and 16 × 16 km, were analysed. It was shown that breeding bird species richness was more strongly correlated with production ecological indicators and elevation than with heterogeneity indicators. A residual analysis in which the effect of elevation (a proxy for climate) on species richness and its potential determinants was removed confirmed the importance of the availability of trophic energy (NPP) for bird diversity patterns. The results support the species-energy hypothesis, thus confirming the notion that HANPP could be a useful pressure indicator for biodiversity loss.     

鄂东鸭儿湖地区大气中有机氯农药特征及土-气交换

采用聚氨酯泡沫-被动采样法（PUF-PAS）采集鸭儿湖地区大气样,研究典型污染源地区大气中有机氯农药（OCPs）组成、来源及土-气交换现状。鸭儿湖地区大气中OCPs主要组成为艾氏剂（Aldrin）、滴滴涕（DDTs）、六六六（HCHs）、六氯苯（HCB）、甲氧滴滴涕（Methoxychlor）和a-硫丹（α-Endosulfan）,约占OCPs总量的84%。较高浓度Aldrin（平均浓度为161.25 pg/m³）广泛存在应引起高度重视。HCHs（平均浓度为89.64 pg/m³）和DDTs（平均浓度为92.29 pg/m³）普遍存在且含量高,污染程度比较明显。HCHs异构体中β-HCH高于α-HCH,远远高于γ-HCH和δ-HCH,说明HCHs经过长期降解已逐渐稳定下来;来源分析推测存在工业HCHs的使用或者受大气长距离传输影响。DDTs在各点位分布明显不同于HCHs,且各点位DDTs的六种组成均存在很大差别,可能由于点位地理位置以及农药使用情况导致;来源分析推测大气中DDTs主要来自历史残留。鸭儿湖地区OCPs土气交换研究表明,HCHs主要表现为从大气向土壤中沉降;DDTs在大多数点位源于土壤中历史残留的挥发,部分点位受到大气长距离传输影响。     

人类活动净氮输入时空变化特征及其影响因素——以香溪河流域为例

为了阐明人类活动对三峡库区第一大支流香溪河流域氮输入的影响程度,基于人类活动净氮输入（NANI）模型估算了2001~2015年间香溪河流域乡镇水平的人类活动净氮输入,分析了氮输入的主要来源及其动态变化.结果表明：时间尺度上,香溪河流域人类活动净氮输入（NANI）因氮素施用的变化而呈现先上升后下降最后上升的趋势,但2015年相对2001年的NANI下降了143kg N/（km²·a）;空间尺度上,香溪河流域NANI整体呈现北低南高的分布格局,其中NANI输入强度差异较大的区域主要有昭君镇、峡口镇和黄粮镇.从人类活动净氮输入的组成上来看,氮肥施用仍然是最主要的来源（40.06%）,其次为大气氮沉降（29.98%）和食品/饲料净氮输入（27.75%）,作物固氮仅占净氮输入总量的2.21%.香溪河流域的NANI与人口密度和耕地面积比例极显著相关（P<0.001）;而NANI与河流氮输出的相关性不显著,香溪河流域河流氮输出占NANI的比例仅为24.28%.因此,可以通过减少氮素施用降低流域尺度氮素净输入量,但该流域NANI与河流氮输出无直接的响应关系.