原子力显微观测新生态水合二氧化锰与天然有机物的微观吸附形貌

采用云母片吸附的方式,较好地捕捉到了新生态水合二氧化锰的微观结构,并采用轻敲模式下的原子力显微成像技术,对其吸附天然有机物(NOM)前后的微观形貌进行了观测.与陈化2 h后的水合二氧化锰相比,新生态水合二氧化锰呈现出不定形的穿孔层状结构(厚度仅为0～1.75 nm)和球形颗粒结构,具有大的比表面积和附着能力.当向NOM中加入1 mmol/L新生态水合二氧化锰后,NOM分子的吸附形貌由松散分布的扁平粒状结构(吸附高度为5～8.5 nm)转变为密集分布、水平尺寸均匀的球形结构,表明了NOM分子容易以水合二氧化锰为吸附中心包裹在其表面.从直观上进一步证实了新生态水合二氧化锰的除污染效能,为高锰酸盐的预氧化助凝机理提供了有力的依据.     

Local and Landscape Correlates of Primate Distribution and Persistence in the Remnant Lowland Rainforests of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley,Northeastern India

Habitat fragmentation affects species distribution and abundance, and drives extinctions. Escalated tropical deforestation and fragmentation have confined many species populations to habitat remnants. How worthwhile is it to invest scarce resources in conserving habitat remnants within densely settled production landscapes? Are these fragments fated to lose species anyway? If not, do other ecological, anthropogenic, and species‐related factors mitigate the effect of fragmentation and offer conservation opportunities? We evaluated, using generalized linear models in an information‐theoretic framework, the effect of local‐ and landscape‐scale factors on the richness, abundance, distribution, and local extinction of 6 primate species in 42 lowland tropical rainforest fragments of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley, northeastern India. On average, the forest fragments lost at least one species in the last 30 years but retained half their original species complement. Species richness declined as proportion of habitat lost increased but was not significantly affected by fragment size and isolation. The occurrence of western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) and capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) in fragments was inversely related to their isolation and loss of habitat, respectively. Fragment area determined stump‐tailed (Macaca arctoides) and northern pig‐tailed macaque occurrence (Macaca leonina). Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) distribution was affected negatively by illegal tree felling, and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) abundance increased as habitat heterogeneity increased. Primate extinction in a fragment was primarily governed by the extent of divergence in its food tree species richness from that in contiguous forests. We suggest the conservation value of these fragments is high because collectively they retained the entire original species pool and individually retained half of it, even a century after fragmentation. Given the extensive habitat and species loss, however, these fragments urgently require protection and active ecological restoration to sustain this rich primate assemblage. Correlaciones Locales y de Paisaje de la Distribución y Persistencia de Primates en los Bosques Lluviosos Remanentes en el Valle del Alto Brahmaputra, Noreste de India     

野生植物汁液对作物营养效应的研究

采用土培试验与化学分析方法研究了３种野生植物汁液对绿豆和玉米生长的营养效应。结果表明，野生植物汁液提高绿豆植株干重、根系活力、磷含量和叶绿素含量，以Ｃ汁液对植株干重提高量最大，达１６５％～２６０％；Ｂ、Ｃ汁液提高绿豆根系活力２５４％～１１０２％。３种野生植物汁液处理的玉米植株干重差异不明显，但却显著提高根系活力和过氧化氢酶活性。     

西藏色季拉山野生观赏树木资源及其开发利用

西藏色季拉山区野生观赏树木资源丰富，有４０科７５属１９０余种。种类最多的科是蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、忍冬科、虎耳草科和豆科。种类最多的属是杜鹃花属、忍冬属、李属、绣线菊属和子属。其中花木占４７．６％，花果木占２４．６％，果木占１１．０％。花木中白花者占４６．４％。果木中红果者占８０．９％。７５．３％的种类生于森林型生境。７４．４％的花木夏季开花。生于阳生灌丛型生境的种类最易被驯化。黄牡丹、多蕊金丝桃、小叶子、素馨花和巨柏等应首先开发。     

Autotoxic effects of essential oils on photosynthesis in parsley, parsnip, and rough lemon

Summary. Many plant species contain essential oils with allelochemical properties, yet the extent to which these same chemicals can be autotoxic is unclear. In this study, we tested the toxicity of several essential oil components to three species that produce them—Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), and Citrus jambhiri (Rutaceae). The effects of exogenous application of small amounts of essential oil components to the surface of foliage, followed by a pinprick to allow entry into the leaf, were monitored by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Rapid and spatially extensive declines in photosynthetic capacity were detected within 200 s. The most toxic constituents were monoterpenes. Two sesquiterpenes, caryophyllene and farnesene, and the phenylpropanoid myristicin, by comparison, were not toxic. Autotoxicity of endogenous essential oil was investigated by slicing through containment structures (glands or tubes); significant toxicity, manifested by reduced photosynthetic activity, was observed in all three species but was most pronounced in P. sativa and P. crispum, both of which possess oil tubes.     

丹江口库区新生消落带不同土地利用酶活性比较

随着南水北调中线工程的建成,丹江口水库水位上涨形成了大量新生消落带,消落带生态环境变化对水库水质具有较大影响,土壤酶活性和土壤养分的改变在一定程度上能反映土壤生态环境的变化.基于此,以丹江口水库新生消落带为研究区域,选取库周从未经历淹没的区域作为对照,采用裂区试验设计方法,以样地类型（新生消落带和对照区）为主处理,以3种不同土地利用类型（林地、农田和草地）为副处理,研究了土壤酶（脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶）活性与土壤养分之间的关系.结果表明:①新生消落带土壤中w（TN）、w（NO₃--N）和w（OM）均显著低于对照区（P < 0.05）,而农田、草地的w（NH₄+-N）与林地的w（TP）显著高于对照区（P < 0.05）.②与对照区相比,新生消落带农田和草地的脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均降低,其中,农田和草地脲酶活性分别降低了79%和54%,而林地脲酶与过氧化氢酶显著增加,林地脲酶活性升高了133%,林地碱性磷酸酶与转化酶活性变化不显著.③不同土地利用类型的土壤理化性质对酶活性的影响不同,新生消落带农田土壤含水量、w（NH₄+-N）的升高及w（TN）、w（TP）、w（OM）的降低是导致酶活性降低的主要影响因素,新生消落带林地土壤pH、w（TP）、w（TN）对酶活性的增加有主要影响,新生消落带草地土壤含水量、w（NH₄+-N）、w（TN）、w（TP）、w（OM）对酶活性的降低有主要影响.研究显示,消落带林地在淹没期间能够吸附固定土壤及水体中的氮磷,水落后土壤酶活性的升高有利于土壤中养分的分解,减少氮磷对库区水体的污染.      

人工林与其紧邻农田中野生植物与土壤线虫群落特征对比

我国北方农耕区休耕地种植杨树现象较为普遍,但是人工林对农业生态系统中生物多样性的保护作用却鲜有关注.在山东省宁津县选取3块样地,均为休耕地种植杨树林且紧邻小麦玉米轮作田,对比人工林下、田埂及农田内的草本植物群落特征、土壤线虫群落特征及土壤化学性质,以探究人工林对农业生态系统中生物多样性的作用.结果表明:①植物样方总物种数和样方平均物种数均呈现农田 < 距田埂30 m人工林下 < 距田埂10 m人工林下 < 田埂 < 距田埂20 m人工林下 < 距田埂5 m人工林下的变化规律,其中,距田埂5 m人工林下植物样方总物种数为21种,农田内11种.人工林下草本植物群落多样性指数、丰富度指数均显著高于农田内杂草植物群落相应指数（P < 0.05）.②农田、田埂及距田埂5 m的人工林下的土壤线虫组成存在差异,农田和人工林下土壤线虫优势属为头叶属（Cephalobus）,而田埂中为真头叶属（Eucephalobus）.土壤线虫群落多样性指数、成熟指数、植物寄生线虫成熟指数及线虫通路比在人工林下、田埂和农田之间差异均不显著（P≥0.05）,土壤线虫均为耐环境压力类群.③人工林下与农田土壤中总氮（TN）、总碳（TC）含量差异不显著（P≥0.05）,而田埂和人工林下土壤碳氮比（C/N）显著高于农田内（P < 0.01）,表明林下和田埂土壤中有机物分解矿化速度低于农田内.土壤TN含量、TC含量、C/N和pH均与植物群落具有显著关联,而对土壤线虫群落均无显著影响.研究显示,在我国北方休耕地种植杨树林,对于农业生态系统中草本植物多样性保护具有积极作用,但是难以在几年内有效地改善土壤质量.      

云南会泽麒麟厂铅锌矿床八号矿体的发现

在大量综合分析研究和会泽铅锌矿长期勘探实践的基础上 ,通过控矿构造等规律的深入研究 ,在成矿理论和找矿实践上取得新进展。在成矿理论认识上 ,提出主要的成矿构造体系、构造控矿型式及控矿构造模式及矿床成矿模式 ,明确指出麒麟厂矿床主矿体向SW向侧伏的规律。在找矿实践上 ,应用构造地球化学找矿方法 ,提出矿体定位靶位为 1 5 71中段 4 4-62勘探线间深部。通过工程验证 ,发现八号隐伏矿体     

Bioavailability and tissue distribution of Dechloranes in wild frogs (Rana limnocharis) from an e-waste recycling area in Southeast China

Dechlorane Plus(DP), a flame retardant used as an alternative to decabromodiphenylether, has been frequently detected in organisms, indicating its bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential in aquatic and terrestrial species. However, little data is available on the bioaccumulation of DP in amphibians. Dechlorane Plus and its analogs(DPs) were detected in the liver, muscle and brain tissues of wild frogs(Rana limnocharis), which were collected from an e-waste recycling site, Southeast China. DP, Mirex, Dec 602 and a dechlorinated compound of DP(anti-Cl11-DP) varied in the range of 2.01–291, 0.650–179, 0.260–12.4, and not detected(nd)–8.67 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. No difference of tissue distribution was found for syn-DP, Mirex and Dec 602 between the liver and muscle tissue(liver/muscle concentration ratio close to 1, p 0.05). However, higher retention was observed for anti-DP and anti-Cl11-DP in the frog muscle relative to the liver tissue(liver/muscle concentration ratio 1, p 0.05). Additionally, the blood-brain barrier was found to work efficiently to suppress these compounds entering brain tissues in this species(liver/brain concentration ratio 1, p 0.05), and the molecular weight was a key factor impacting the extent of the blood-brain barrier. Compared to levels in the muscle and brain tissue, a preferential enrichment of syn-DP was observed in the liver tissue, suggesting the occurrence of stereo-selective bioaccumulation in the wild frog.