流量分配对短程生物脱氮过程中N2O产生的影响

利用SBR反应器,通过在线pH曲线控制好氧-缺氧反应时间,成功实现了短程生物脱氮,并考察了分段进水条件下流量分配对SBR反应器运行性能及N2O产量的影响.结果表明,与原水分2次在不同阶段等量加入反应器的二段进水方式相比,原水分3次等量进入反应器的三段进水方式能够有效降低脱氮过程中外碳源投加量和氧化亚氮产量;氧化亚氮主要产生于硝化过程,反硝化过程能够将硝化阶段积累的N2O还原至N2.2次、3次等量进水条件下,生物短程脱氮过程中乙醇投加量分别为0.8和0.6 mL,N2O释放量分别为8.86和5.05 mg·L-1(以N计).硝化过程中NO-2-N的积累是导致系统N2O产生的主要原因.     

硝酸浸提拆解废印制电路板元器件技术

研究了废印制电路板在不同浓度硝酸溶液中焊锡完全溶解的时间,以及Sn,Pb,Zn,Fe和Cu的溶解规律及循环利用浸提液的可行性. 结果表明:废印制电路板最佳剥离硝酸浓度为2 mol/L左右,该条件下210 min内废印制电路板上的焊锡完全溶解,元器件能够全部拆除;稀硝酸作为浸提液,可重复利用4次以上,各次循环对焊锡均具有较好的溶解效果;循环利用过程中,Cu反应速率逐次增加,易造成Cu的流失.      

污水处理过程N2O排放：过程机制与控制策略

污水处理生物脱氮过程中氧化亚氮(N₂O)作为直接碳排放源,其大气升温效应较CO₂高出265倍.因此,国际上对N₂O排放机制与控制策略的研究层出不穷.N₂O产生源于硝化与反硝化过程,主要涉及亚硝化(AOB)及其同步反硝化、常规异养反硝化(HDN)、同步异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)和全程氨氧化(COMAMMOX)等生物途径,以及硝化过程中间产物NH₂OH与NOH之非生物化学途径.常规硝化与反硝化(AOB+HDN)途径在正常运行工况下N₂O排放量并不是很大,约只占进水TN负荷的1.3%;即使是HN-AD与COMAMMOX代谢过程,两者N₂O产生量也不足TN负荷的0.5%.不可忽视的是AOB亚硝化及其同步反硝化,它们已被确认为是污水处理生物脱氮过程中N₂O排放的首要途径;AOB过程中间产物(NH₂OH与NOH)非生物化学过程以及AOB反硝化生物过程(主途径)共同导致的N₂...     

稀土修饰的Co/Hβ催化剂催化分解N_2O

以Hβ分子筛为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列以钴为主活性组分,稀土元素为助剂的CoM/Hβ（M=La、Ce、Pr、Nd）催化剂,考察了在含氧条件下直接催化分解N2O的性能.采用X射线衍射、热重-质谱联用系统、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD等方法对催化剂进行了表征.XRD结果表明,Co物种主要以Co3O4尖晶石形态存在.NH3-TPD结果表明,催化剂活性与催化剂的酸性有关.活性评价结果显示,稀土助剂的添加使催化剂活性得到改善,其中以Pr为助剂的催化剂活性最好,N2O转化率达到95%时的反应温度为398℃.     

水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的环境行为与污染控制研究进展

金属(氧化物)纳米材料在生产和使用过程中,可以通过各种途径进入到水环境中,对水生生物、生态环境和人体健康产生威胁.理解纳米颗粒在水体中的环境行为,对于评估纳米材料的归趋及其对环境和人体的健康风险至关重要.本文概述了金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的性质、来源和毒性危害,汇总了表征纳米颗粒浓度、粒径及形貌的分析方法与技术,分析了它...     

An inventory of N(2)O emissions from agriculture in China using precipitation-rectified emission factor and background emission

Fertilized agricultural soils are a major anthropogenic source of atmospheric N₂O. A credible national inventory of agricultural N₂O emission would benefit its global strength estimate. We compiled a worldwide database of N₂O emissions from fertilized fields that were consecutively measured for more than or close to one year. Both nitrogen input (N) and precipitation (P) were found to be largely responsible for temporal and spatial variabilities in annual N₂O fluxes (N₂O–N). Thus, we established an empirical model (N₂O–N = 1.49 P + 0.0186 P · N), in which both emission factor and background emission for N₂O were rectified by precipitation. In this model, annual N₂O emission consists of a background emission of 1.49 P and a fertilizer-induced emission of 0.0186 P · N. We used this model to develop a spatial inventory at the 10 × 10 km scale of direct N₂O emissions from agriculture in China. N₂O emissions from rice paddies were separately quantified using a cropping-specific emission factor. Annual fertilizer-induced N₂O emissions amounted to 198.89 Gg N₂O–N in 1997, consisting of 18.50 Gg N₂O–N from rice paddies and 180.39 Gg N₂O–N from fertilized uplands. Annual background emissions and total emissions of N₂O from agriculture were estimated to be 92.78 Gg N₂O–N and 291.67 Gg N₂O–N, respectively. The annual direct N₂O emission accounted for 0.92% of the applied N with an uncertainty of 29%. The highest N₂O fluxes occurred in East China as compared with the least fluxes in West China.     

Regional-specific emission inventory for NH3, N2O, and CH4 via animal farming in South, Southeast, and East Asia

Ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emission from animal farming of South, Southeast, and East Asia, in 2000, was estimated at about 4.7 Tg NH₃–N, 0.51 Tg N₂O–N, and 29.9 Tg CH₄, respectively, using the FAO database and countries’ statistic databases as activity data, and emission factors taking account of regional characteristics. Most of these atmospheric components, up to 60–80%, were produced in China and India. Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, which were large source countries next to China and India, contributed more than a few percent of total emission of each atmospheric component. The largest emission livestock were cattle whose contribution was considerably high in South, Southeast, and East Asia; more than one-fourth of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions: more than half of methane emission. The other major livestock for nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions were pigs. For methane emission, buffaloes were second source livestock. To provide spatial distributions of these gases, the emissions of county and district level were allocated into each 0.5° grid by means of the weighting by high-resolution land cover datasets. The regions with considerable high emissions of all components were able to be found at the Ganges delta and the Yellow River basin. The spatial distributions for ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions were similar but had a substantial difference from methane distribution.     

生物矿化针铁矿吸附铬的机理探讨

针铁矿在自然界中广泛存在,对重金属离子在地表的迁移和转化有重要影响.利用天然生物矿化针铁矿进行了Cr(Ⅲ)吸附研究,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对吸附后的样品进行表征,发现样品中铬的含量随着Al2O3含量的增加而增加,说明表面带负电荷的含高岭土等的粘土较针铁矿对Cr(Ⅲ)有更强的吸附能力.样品的XPS研究表明,NO3-也参与了反应,且促进了Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化.研究还发现,Cr(Ⅲ)在针铁矿上的吸附不均匀,与文献报道的情况不同.     

乌鲁木齐市空气中氮氧化物的污染特征及来源分析

通过引用新华南路测点的二氧化氮和氮氧化物污染浓度值，归纳乌鲁木齐市氮氧化物的污染动态变化规律并分析原因。     

砷(Ⅲ)离子印迹聚合物的制备及吸附性能研究

以磁性氧化石墨烯为载体,砷离子(As(Ⅲ))为模板离子,3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPTS)为功能单体,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为交联剂合成了As(Ⅲ)离子印迹磁性氧化石墨烯纳米材料(MGO-IIP),并使用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和振动样品磁强计对合成材料进行了表征.同时,考察了MGO-IIP对As(Ⅲ)的吸附特性.结果表明:318 K下MGO-IIP对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量为148.1 mg·g~(-1),仅20 min即可达到吸附平衡,印迹因子为2.35;吸附过程服从Langmuir模型和准二级动力学模型,说明是自发的吸热过程;在其他干扰离子存在的情况下,MGO-IIP对As(Ⅲ)仍然具有良好的吸附效果,且能够重复使用4次,在含砷废水处理中具有应用价值.MGO-IIP材料对As(Ⅲ)的吸附机制为表面络合作用及物理吸附.