Environmental sub models for a macroeconomic model: agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification in Denmark

Integrated modelling of the interaction between environmental pressure and economic development is a useful tool to evaluate environmental consequences of policy initiatives. However, the usefulness of such models is often restricted by the fact that these models only include a limited set of environmental impacts, which are often energy-related emissions. In order to evaluate the development in the overall environmental pressure correctly, these model systems must be extended. In this article an integrated macroeconomic model system of the Danish economy with environmental modules of energy related emissions is extended to include the agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification. Next to the energy sector, the agricultural sector is the most important contributor to these environmental themes and subsequently the extended model complex calculates more than 99% of the contribution to both climate change and acidification. Environmental sub-models are developed for agriculture-related emissions of CH(4), N(2)O and NH(3). Agricultural emission sources related to the production specific activity variables are mapped and emission dependent parameters are identified in order to calculate emission coefficients. The emission coefficients are linked to the economic activity variables of the Danish agricultural production. The model system is demonstrated by projections of agriculture-related emissions in Denmark under two alternative sets of assumptions: a baseline projection of the general economic development and a policy scenario for changes in the husbandry sector within the agricultural sector.     

Cu2O/PTCDI复合材料的制备及其光催化活性

] 以p型半导体氧化亚铜（Cu₂O）与n型半导体苝二酰亚胺（PTCDI）为原料,通过原位还原的方法制备了Cu₂O/PTCDI复合材料,并考察了其对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解活性。实验结果表明：与纯Cu₂O及PTCDI自组装体相比,Cu₂O/PTCDI复合材料的光催化活性与稳定性都有所提升; PTCDI自组装体质量分数为90%的Cu₂O/PTCDI复合材料对亚甲基蓝的降解率可达70%。Cu₂O和PTCDI自组装体的有效复合降低了光生电子和空穴的复合率,同时改善了Cu₂O和PTCDI自组装体的光催化活性。     

中国东部河流沉积物中重金属含量与沉积物主要性质的关系

采集了我国东部１２条大、中河流的２６个相对清洁的表层沉积物样品，测定了沉积物中Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ和Ｃｏ的含量以及沉积物的主要地球化学性质（粒径分布、反应性和铁氧化物、无定型铁氧化物、总铁、隐晶型锰氧化物、总锰、铝氧化物、钛氧化物、有机碳和粘土矿物含量等）和表面性质（比表面和表面位密度）以非参数相关分析和偏相关分析研究了沉积的物中重金属含量与沉积物主要性质之间的关系，结果表明，在我国东部，这些相     

Effect of diet manipulation in dairy cow N balance and nitrogen oxides emissions from grasslands in northern Spain

Dietary modifications in dairy cattle have been reported as a useful strategy to alter the composition of manure. Many reports have been published on how changes in dietary crude protein content and forage-to-concentrate ratio reduces animal nitrogen (N) excretion, but little information exists about the effect of diet modification on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emission when the subsequent slurry is applied on grassland. Two diets differing in forage:concentrate ratio (high forage or HF diet, 75:25; low forage or LF diet, 55:45) were tested to detect the improvement of N use efficiency in milk and the reduction of urinary and fecal N excretion. Triticale silage and barley grain were used as the main forage and concentrate sources in the diets. The subsequent slurries were characterized for N and ammonium-N content (NH₄⁺-N) and applied on grassland in order to study total and pattern of emission of N₂O and NO.The HF diet reduced the voluntary dry matter intake of the cows, N intake and urinary and fecal N excretion. However, the reduction of N intake did not improve the N use efficiency in milk (NUE) (21.0%) and did not reduce N excretion per unit of milk produced (15 g N l⁻¹) due to the lower milk yield. Slurries were similar in N content but differed in NH₄⁺ content, being lower in HF. Therefore, different slurry amounts were needed to be applied on grassland to reach the correct fertilisation rate (120 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹). Total emissions of N₂O (5.8 and 5.0 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹) and NO (507.2 and 568.6 g NO-N ha⁻¹), and the pattern of emissions were not affected by dietary treatments. When fertilisation management depends on the collected volume to empty the slurry pit, higher N₂O and NO emissions per kg of slurry could be expected from LF slurry. Nevertheless, if slurry is applied following recommendation rates, N₂O and NO emission per unit of milk produced might be slightly lower from LF slurry. Grass yield (1.5 t dry matter ha⁻¹) and N uptake (50 kg N ha⁻¹) did not vary due to the applications of different slurries, and was attributed to low rainfalls. The correct management of the slurries on grasslands may justify an adequate nutritional strategy of dairy herds from an environmental and productive point of view.     

污泥热解气为燃料的SOFC-MGT联合发电系统能效分析

污泥热解气是利用价值较高的生物质能源。以污泥微波热解气为燃料,建立固体氧化物燃料电池（solid oxide fuel cell）-微型燃气轮机（micro gas turbine,mGT）联合发电系统的模型,分析发电系统的性能,研究工作温度、电流密度、燃料利用率等运行参数对系统能效的影响。结果表明,设计工况下以污泥热解气为燃料的SOFC-MGT联合发电系统的发电效率达到55.9%,热电联产（CHP）效率高达74.8%,是高效的生物质能源利用方式。温度和电流密度对SOFC的性能具有较为明显的影响,合理提高工作温度和电流密度有利于提高SOFC的功率密度。研究还表明,燃料利用率增加时,SOFC的发电效率明显提升,整个系统的效率参数变化不明显,应从热解气组成和系统的安全性考虑,选择适当的燃料利用率。     

TiO2光电催化中光生电子降解对苯醌的行为研究

通过施加外加偏压把TiO2/Ti薄膜阳极产生的光生电子转移到阴极,并对其在阴极的电化学行为进行了研究.用水杨酸探针法对阴极溶液中产生的活性氧自由基进行了检测,探讨了pH值、恒电流值和连接类型等因素对阴极室溶液中对苯醌降解效果的影响.实验结果表明,在酸性条件下,转移至阴极的光生电子可将溶液中的溶解氧还原生成H2O2,再进而生成·OH;在pH值为2.0、恒电流为3.5mA和阳离子膜作为反应器双室连接类型的条件下,在60min内,阴极溶液中对苯醌的降解率可达到82.3%.     

大气硝酸测量方法研究进展

大气中硝酸(HNO3)的生成是排放到空气中氮氧化物(NOx)的主要沉降途径,对降水酸化、二次细颗粒物中硝酸盐的形成以及在研究光化学污染和霾形成等大气复合污染过程之间的联系中具有重要作用.获得高时间分辨率、准确的大气HNO3测量数据对研究和认识大气中NOx的循环机理是十分必要和迫切的.大气中的HNO3浓度低且具有很强的吸...     

基于QAR数据的发动机LTO阶段氮氧化物排放量计算与分析

氮氧化物是发动机运行过程中产生的一种主要污染物,对于航空器氮氧化物排放量的准确计算是控制排放和评估其环境影响的基础.本文依据BM2流量修正方法对机载快速存取记录器(QAR)数据中的燃油流量值进行标准化修正,并根据低压转子转速、空地传感器指示、油门杆解算器角度、飞行高度,对起飞着陆循环(LTO)进行更精确的阶段划分.同时,参考国际民航组织公布的特定发动机机型的分阶段排放指数,对PW-4077D发动机某次LTO阶段的氮氧化物排放量进行计算.结果表明,通过精准飞行阶段划分,结合QAR实测数据估算的LTO分阶段(起飞、爬升、进近、慢车)氮氧化物排放量分别达到3415.87、7574.57、3019.98、1721.33 g,与标准LTO估算方法相比,相差30%以上.这种发动机LTO阶段实际排放量的计算方法,可为近地面航空器乃至不同地区整个机场氮氧化物污染评估提供更加准确的依据.     

CuO/Ac催化过硫酸盐对模拟废水中苯酚的降解效果

含酚类废水所含有毒有害物质主要为苯酚,其排放量大,微溶于水且毒性较大,难以彻底处理.利用具有吸附性和催化性的CuO/Ac（活性炭负载CuO）催化过硫酸盐产生强氧化性的SO₄-·（硫酸根自由基）对模拟废水中苯酚进行降解,研究了不同因素（如反应温度、pH、水浴时间、CuO负载比、过硫酸盐投加量）对反应前、后模拟废水中苯酚和COD_Cr的去除率,并通过正交试验对这些因素进行了优化.结果表明:①过硫酸盐高级氧化法对苯酚的去除过程以氧化降解为主,在投加0.2 g负载比为1:5的CuO/Ac和过硫酸盐前提下,反应条件为pH 3、反应温度65℃,经过6 h的水浴反应,CuO/Ac催化过硫酸盐对于模拟废水中苯酚和COD_Cr的去除率分别可达到96.83%和91.90%.②通过正交试验得出,影响苯酚去除率大小的因素依次为反应温度>反应时间> pH,影响COD_Cr去除率大小的因素依次为反应温度> pH >反应时间.③在酸性、强碱性、高温条件下反应体系对苯酚的降解作用更明显,苯酚降解过程为先开环再进一步降解;相对于单独采用过硫酸盐和活性炭催化过硫酸盐法,采用活性炭负载CuO催化过硫酸盐法对模拟苯酚废水中苯酚具有去除率高、节省成本、处理速度快等优点.研究显示:在相同的试验设计情况下,应先考虑温度对反应的影响;在反应温度相同的条件下,根据对苯酚或对COD_Cr的去除率的不同要求,分别优先考虑反应时间、pH对试验的影响.      

Impact of soluble organic matter and particulate organic matter on anammox system: Performance,microbial community and N2O production

In this study,the effects of soluble readily biodegradable COD (sCOD) and particulate slowly biodegradable COD (pCOD) on anammox process were investigated.The results of the longterm experiment indicated that a low sCOD/N ratio of 0.5 could accelerate the anammox and denitrification activity,to reach as high as 84.9%±2.8% TN removal efficiency.Partial denitrification-anammox (PDN/anammox) and denitrification were proposed as the major pathways for nitrogen removal,accounting for 91.3% and 8.7% o...