不同沉淀pH值条件下制备的水合氧化锆对水中磷酸盐的吸附作用

研究了沉淀pH值分别为4.8、8.0和10.6条件下制备的水合氧化锆对水中磷酸盐的吸附作用,结果表明,共存的Na~+仅仅略微促进了沉淀pH值为4.8和8.0时所得水合氧化锆对水中磷酸盐的吸附,却明显促进了沉淀pH值为10.6时所得水合氧化锆对磷酸盐的吸附.共存的Ca~(2+)仅仅略微促进了沉淀pH值为4.8时水合氧化锆对磷酸盐的吸附,却极大地促进了沉淀pH值为8.0和10.6时水合氧化锆对磷酸盐的吸附.共存的HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)抑制了水合氧化锆对磷酸盐的吸附,且它们对沉淀pH值为4.8时水合氧化锆吸磷的抑制作用明显大于对沉淀pH值为8.0和10.6时水合氧化锆的抑制作用.不同沉淀pH值条件下制备的水合氧化锆对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力均随着溶液pH值的增加而降低.不同沉淀pH值条件下所得水合氧化锆对水中磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Redushckevich(D-R)等温吸附模型加以描述.存在Na+而不存在Ca~(2+)情况下,3种不同沉淀pH值条件下所得水合氧化锆对中性溶液中磷酸盐的最大单层吸附容量差别不大;存在Ca~(2+)情况下,沉淀pH值为8.0和10.6时所得水合氧化锆对中性溶液中磷酸盐的最大单层吸附容量远远高于沉淀pH值为4.8时制备的水合氧化锆.沉淀pH值为4.8和8.0时所得水合氧化锆的吸磷机制主要是表面氯和羟基基团与磷酸盐之间的配位体交换作用,而沉淀pH值为10.6时所得水合氧化锆的吸磷机制主要是表面羟基基团与磷酸盐之间的配位体交换作用.以上研究结果显示,与沉淀pH值为4.8时制备的水合氧化锆相比,沉淀pH值为8.0和10.6时制备的水合氧化锆更加适合作为吸附剂去除废水中的磷酸盐.     

多孔不锈钢基氧化铝膜去除水溶液中的Cr(VI)和Cd(II)

通过悬浮粒子浸涂法将合成的γ-Al₂O₃纳米粒子固载于316L多孔不锈钢表面以吸附水溶液中的Cr（VI）和Cd（Ⅱ）.扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）测试结果表明,γ相的Al₂O₃纳米粒子均匀地涂在了316L多孔不锈钢基体上,膜体表面沉积厚度约为20 μm.该膜对单一Cr（VI）和Cd（Ⅱ）吸附的最佳pH分别为3.0~4.0和8.0~9.0,吸附均符合动力学准二级模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型,最大吸附量分别为0.603 mg·g^-1和0.399 mg·g^-1.本研究可为水体中的高毒性重金属Cr（VI）和Cd（Ⅱ）去除提供一定的理论和技术参考.     

新型Ag(I)选择性吸附材料的制备及吸附性能研究

将壳聚糖（CTS）、氧化石墨烯（GO）、3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（MPTMS）交联制得巯基改性壳聚糖-氧化石墨复合材料（SFCG）.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、元素分析仪对改性前后和吸附前后的材料进行表征.研究吸附剂投加量、温度、时间、初始浓度对吸附效果的影响.实验结果表明,SFCG与CTS相比结构发生很大变化,呈现薄层状结构,表面有褶皱.SFCG能够在短时间内选择性高效吸附Ag（I）,最大吸附量为578.41 mg·g^-1.通过吸附等温线、吸附动力学、吸附热力学的研究发现,其吸附等温线符合Langumir吸附模型,为单层吸附;吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主,同时吸附过程是自发的、放热的.另外,银是一种贵金属,因此,SFCG将在废水处理和回收贵金属等方面均表现出良好的应用前景.     

Integrated removal of NO and mercury from coal combustion flue gas using manganese oxides supported on TiO2

A catalyst composed of manganese oxides supported on titania(MnO_x/TiO_2) synthesized by a sol–gel method was selected to remove nitric oxide and mercury jointly at a relatively low temperature in simulated flue gas from coal-fired power plants. The physico-chemical characteristics of catalysts were investigated by X-ray fluorescence(XRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analyses, etc. The effects of Mn loading,reaction temperature and individual flue gas components on denitration and Hg~0 removal were examined. The results indicated that the optimal Mn/Ti molar ratio was 0.8 and the best working temperature was 240°C for NO conversion. O_2 and a proper ratio of [NH_3]/[NO]are essential for the denitration reaction. Both NO conversion and Hg~0 removal efficiency could reach more than 80% when NO and Hg~0 were removed simultaneously using Mn0.8 Tiat 240°C.Hg~0 removal efficiency slightly declined as the Mn content increased in the catalysts. The reaction temperature had no significant effect on Hg~0 removal efficiency. O_2 and HCl had a promotional effect on Hg~0 removal. SO2 and NH_3were observed to weaken Hg~0 removal because of competitive adsorption. NO first facilitated Hg~0 removal and then had an inhibiting effect as NO concentration increased without O_2, and it exhibited weak inhibition of Hg~0 removal efficiency in the presence of O_2. The oxidation of Hg~0 on Mn O x/TiO_2 follows the Mars–Maessen and Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms.     

A nanocomposite consisting of silica-coated magnetite and phenyl-functionalized graphene oxide for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from aqueous matrices

In this study,graphene oxide was covalently immobilized on silica-coated magnetite and then modified with 2-phenylethylamine to give a nanocomposite of type Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA that can be applied to the magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) from water samples.The resulting microspheres(Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA) were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),CHNS elemental analysis,and vibrating sample magnetometry(VSM) techniques.The adsorbent possesses the magnetic properties of Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles that allow them easily to be separated by an external magnetic field.They also have the high specific surface area of graphene oxide which improves adsorption capacity.Desorption conditions,extraction time,amount of adsorbent,salt concentration,and pH were investigated and optimized.Following desorption,the PAHs were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection(GC-FID).The limits of detection(at an S/N ratio of 3) were achieved from 0.005 to0.1 μg/L with regression coefficients(R~2) higher than 0.9954.The relative standard deviations(RSDs) were below 5.8%(intraday) and 6.2%(inter-day),respectively.The method was successfully applied to the analysis of PAHs in environmental water samples where it showed recoveries in the range between 71.7%and 106.7%(with RSDs of 1.6%to 8.4%,for n = 3).The results indicated that the Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA microspheres had a great promise to extraction of PAHs from different water samples.     

Ag–AgBr/TiO2/RGO nanocomposite: Synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic activity and aggregation evaluation

Ag–AgBr/TiO_2 supported on reduced graphene oxide(Ag–AgBr/TiO_2/RGO) with different mass ratios of grapheme oxide(GO) to TiO_2 were synthesized via a facile solvothermal-photo reduction method. Compared to the single-, two-and three-component nanocomposites,the four-component nanocomposite, Ag–AgBr/TiO_2/RGO-1 with mass ratio of GO to TiO_2at 1%, exhibited a much higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of penicillin G(PG)under white light-emitting diode(LED-W) irradiation. The PG degradation efficiency increased with the increase of mass ratio of GO to TiO_2 from 0.2% to 1%, then it decreased with the increase of mass ratio of GO to TiO_2 from 1% to 5%. The zeta potentials of RGO-nanocomposites became more negative with the presence of humic acid(HA) due to the negatively charged HA adsorption, resulting in the shift of points of zero charge to lower values of pH. The aggregations of nanocomposites were more significant due to the bridging effect of HA. Furthermore, the aggregated particle sizes were larger for RGO-nanocomposites compared to other nanoparticles, due to the bindings of the carboxylic and phenolic functional groups in HA with the oxygen-containing functional groups in the RGO-nanocomposites.The microfiltration(MF) membrane was effective for the nanocomposites separation. In the continuous flow through submerged membrane photoreactor(sMPR) system, backwashing operation could efficiently reduce membrane fouling and recover TiO_2, and thus indirectly facilitate the PG removal.     

Adsorption of Ca2+ on single layer graphene oxide

Graphene oxide(GO) holds great promise for a broad array of applications in many fields,but also poses serious potential risks to human health and the environment.In this study,the adsorptive properties of GO toward Ca~(2+) and Na+were investigated using batch adsorption experiments,zeta potential measurements,and spectroscopic analysis.When pH increased from 4 to 9,Ca~(2+)adsorption by GO and the zeta potential of GO increased significantly.Raman spectra suggest that Ca~(2+)was strongly adsorbed on the GO via –COO Ca~+ formation.On the other hand,Na+was adsorbed into the electrical diffuse layer as an inert counterion to increase the diffuse layer zeta potential.While the GO suspension became unstable with increasing pH from 4 to 10 in the presence of Ca~(2+),it was more stable at higher pH in the NaC l solution.The findings of this research provide insights in the adsorption of Ca~(2+)on GO and fundamental basis for prediction of its effect on the colloidal stability of GO in the environment.     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical wheat field under different nitrogen fertilization strategies

Minimizing soil ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission factors (EFs) has significant implications in regional air quality and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions besides nitrogen (N) nutrient loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of different N fertilizer treatments of conventional urea, polymer-coated urea, ammonia sulfate, urease inhibitor (NBPT, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)-treated urea, and nitrification inhibitor (DCD, dicyandiamide)-treated urea on emissions of NH₃ and GHGs from subtropical wheat cultivation. A field study was established in a Cancienne silt loam soil. During growth season, NH₃ emission following N fertilization was characterized using active chamber method whereas GHG emissions of N₂O, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) were by passive chamber method. The results showed that coated urea exhibited the largest reduction (49%) in the EF of NH₃-N followed by NBPT-treated urea (39%) and DCD-treated urea (24%) over conventional urea, whereas DCD-treated urea had the greatest suppression on N₂O-N (87%) followed by coated urea (76%) and NBPT-treated urea (69%). Split fertilization of ammonium sulfate-urea significantly lowered both NH₃-N and N₂O-N EF values but split urea treatment had no impact over one-time application of urea. Both NBPT and DCD-treated urea treatments lowered CO₂-C flux but had no effect on CH₄-C flux. Overall, application of coated urea or urea with NPBT or DCD could be used as a mitigation strategy for reducing NH₃ and N₂O emissions in subtropical wheat production in Southern USA.     

Removal of Cs from water and soil by ammonium-pillared montmorillonite/Fe3O4 composite

To remove cesium ions from water and soil, a novel adsorbent was synthesized by following a one-step co-precipitation method and using non-toxic raw materials. By combining ammonium-pillared montmorillonite (MMT) and magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄), an MMT/Fe₃O₄ composite was prepared and characterized. The adsorbent exhibited high selectivity of Cs⁺ and could be rapidly separated from the mixed solution under an external magnetic field. Above all, the adsorbent had high removal efficiency in cesium-contaminated samples (water and soil) and also showed good recycling performance, indicating that the MMT/Fe₃O₄ composite could be widely applied to the remediation of cesium-contaminated environments. It was observed that the pH, solid/liquid ratio and initial concentration affected adsorption capacity. In the presence of coexisting ions, the adsorption capacity decreased in the order of Ca^2 + > Mg^2 + > K⁺ > Na⁺, which is consistent with our theoretical prediction. The adsorption behavior of this new adsorbent could be expressed by the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm. In addition, the adsorption mechanism of Cs⁺ was NH₄⁺ ion exchange and surface hydroxyl group coordination, with the former being more predominant.     

Combined effects of adsorption and photocatalysis by hybrid TiO2/ZnO-calcium alginate beads for the removal of copper

The use of nanosized titanium dioxide(TiO_2) and zinc oxide(ZnO) in the suspension form during treatment makes the recovering and recycling of photocatalysts difficult.Hence,supported photocatalysts are preferred for practical water treatment applications.This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of calcium alginate(CaAlg) beads that were immobilized with hybrid photocatalysts,TiO_2/ZnO to form TiO_2/ZnO-CaAlg.These immobilized beads,with three different mass ratios of TiO_2:ZnO(1:1,1:2,and 2:1) were used to remove Cu(Ⅱ) in aqueous solutions in the presence of ultraviolet light.These beads were subjected to three cycles of photocatalytic treatment with different initial Cu(Ⅱ) concentrations(10-80 ppm).EDX spectra have confirmed the inclusion of Ti and Zn on the surface of the CaAlg beads.Meanwhile,the surface morphology of the beads as determined using SEM,has indicated differences of before and after the photocatalytic treatment of Cu(Ⅱ).Among all three,the equivalent mass ratio TiO_2/ZnO-CaAlg beads have shown the best performance in removing Cu(Ⅱ) during all three recycling experiments.Those TiO_2/ZnO-CaAlg beads have also shown consistent removal of Cu,ranging from 7.14-52.0 ppm(first cycle) for initial concentrations of10-80 ppm.In comparison,bare CaAlg was only able to remove 6.9-48 ppm of similar initial Cu concentrations.Thus,the potential use of TiO_2/ZnO-CaAlg beads as environmentally friendly composite material can be further extended for heavy metal removal from contaminated water.