模拟室内环境下掺杂TiO_2纳米晶体的光催化性能

采用环境测试舱模拟可见光下的室内环境,以甲醛气体的光催化降解为探针反应,评价了通过溶胶-凝胶法分别制备的8种（银Ag、铜Cu、铁Fe、钨W、铈Ce、镧La、硫S和氯C l）掺杂TiO2纳米晶体的光催化活性及对甲醛气体的去除效果。用X射线衍射、激光粒度分析和紫外-可见分光光谱表征了掺杂钠米TiO2的微晶尺寸、晶体结构与光学性能。结果表明,Cu掺杂可以提高TiO2对氧的吸附能力,减少纳米粒子表面光生电子与光生空穴的复合,使TiO2的光吸收带边发生红移且有利于对可见光的吸收,从而使Cu掺杂TiO2在模拟室内环境下光催化甲醛气体的能力得到明显提高。     

煅烧温度和添加剂对提高煤矸石中氧化铝溶出率的实验研究

煤矸石是煤炭在开采、洗选过程中产生的固体废弃物,其中二氧化硅、氧化铝和碳占到矸石总量的90%以上,又是一种可以利用的资源。实验以山西潞安煤矿的洗矸为原料,采用SEM、IR和XRD等分析测试手段对不同煅烧温度下的煤矸石进行微观形貌、化学键变化和矿物组成的分析研究,确定氧化铝的活化温度区间;并根据煤矸石的活化机理,选择提高氧化铝溶出率的添加剂。实验结果为：煤矸石中氧化铝的活化温度区间为600～850℃;酸浸过程中添加氟化钠可以打开煤矸石中的SiO₂—Al₂O₃,使氧化铝溶出率达到90%以上,和通常条件下氧化铝的溶出率相比提高20%左右。本研究为煤矸石高值利用提取氧化铝提供了技术基础,也为粉煤灰等低铝含量矿物的开发利用提供借鉴。     

模拟室内环境下掺杂TiO2纳米晶体的光催化性能

采用环境测试舱模拟可见光下的室内环境,以甲醛气体的光催化降解为探针反应,评价了通过溶胶-凝胶法分别制备的8种(银Ag、铜Cu、铁Fe、钨W、铈Ce、镧La、硫S和氯C1)掺杂TiO2纳米晶体的光催化活性及对甲醛气体的去除效果.用X射线衍射、激光粒度分析和紫外-可见分光光谱表征了掺杂钠米TiO2的微晶尺寸、晶体结构与光学性能.结果表明,Cu掺杂可以提高TiO2对氧的吸附能力,减少纳米粒子表面光生电子与光生空穴的复合,使TiO2的光吸收带边发生红移且有利于对可见光的吸收,从而使Cu掺杂TiO2在模拟室内环境下光催化甲醛气体的能力得到明显提高.     

Responses of herbaceous plants to urban air pollution: Effects on growth, phenology and leaf surface characteristics

Vehicle exhaust emissions are a dominant feature of urban environments and are widely believed to have detrimental effects on plants. The effects of diesel exhaust emissions on 12 herbaceous species were studied with respect to growth, flower development, leaf senescence and leaf surface wax characteristics. A diesel generator was used to produce concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) representative of urban conditions, in solardome chambers. Annual mean NO_x concentrations ranged from 77 nl l^−l to 98 nl l⁻¹, with NO:NO₂ ratios of 1.4-2.2, providing a good experimental simulation of polluted roadside environments. Pollutant exposure resulted in species-specific changes in growth and phenology, with a consistent trend for accelerated senescence and delayed flowering. Leaf surface characteristics were also affected; contact angle measurements indicated changes in surface wax structure following pollutant exposure. The study demonstrated clearly the potential for realistic levels of vehicle exhaust pollution to have direct adverse effects on urban vegetation.     

Solid fuels in chemical-looping combustion

The feasibility of using a number of different solid fuels in chemical-looping combustion (CLC) has been investigated. A laboratory fluidized bed reactor system for solid fuel, simulating a chemical-looping combustion system by exposing the sample to alternating reducing and oxidizing conditions, was used. In each reducing phase 0.2 g of fuel in the size range 180–250 μm was added to the reactor containing 40 g oxygen carrier of size 125–180 μm. Two different oxygen carriers were tested, a synthetic particle of 60% active material of Fe₂O₃ and 40% MgAl₂O₄ and a particle consisting of the natural mineral ilmenite. Effect of steam content in the fluidizing gas of the reactor was investigated as well as effect of temperature. A number of experiments were also made to investigate the rate of conversion of the different fuels in a CLC system. A high dependency on steam content in the fluidizing gas as well as temperature was shown. The fraction of volatiles in the fuel was also found to be important. Furthermore the presence of an oxygen carrier was shown to enhance the conversion rate of the intermediate gasification reaction. At 950 °C and with 50% steam the time needed to achieve 95% conversion of fuel particles with a diameter of 0.125–0.18 mm ranged between 4 and 15 min depending on the fuel, while 80% conversion was reached within 2–10 min. In almost all cases the synthetic Fe₂O₃ particle with 40% MgAl₂O₄ and the mineral ilmenite showed similar results with the different fuels.     

烟气脱硝低温选择性催化还原金属氧化物催化剂的研究进展

低温选择性催化还原(SCR)技术具有很高的脱硝效率。概述了低温SCR金属氧化物催化剂的制备方法和性能,分析了催化剂的失活原因和再生方法,探讨了催化反应的机理,并介绍了低温SCR技术在工业烟气脱硝中的应用案例。SCR催化剂未来的发展不仅要以低温下的高活性和高选择性为主要目的,还要考虑到催化剂的抗失活性能(如抗硫性和抗水稳定性)和操作温度范围,使其可广泛应用于不同的工况中,以满足我国日益提高的环保要求。     

Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2

Boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized using modified sol-gel reaction process and characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, particle size distribution （PSD）, diffuse reflectance spectra （DRS）, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by monitoring the degradation of dye Acid Red B （ARB）. The results showed that the prepared photocatalysts were mixed oxides mainly consisting of titania, ceria, and boron oxide. The structure of TiO2 could be transformed from amorphous to anatase and then to rutile by increasing calcination temperature; the transformation being accompanied by the growth of particle size without any obvious change in phase structure of CeO2. The XPS of B1.6Ce1.0-TiO2 prepared at 500℃ showed that a few boron atoms were incorporated into titania and ceria lattice, whereas others existed as B2O3. Cerium ions existed in two states, Ce^3＋ and Ce^4＋, and the atomic ratio of Ce^3＋/Ce^4＋ was 1.86. When boron and cerium were doped, the UV-Vis adsorption band wavelength showed an obvious shift toward the visible range （〈526 nm）. As the atomic ratio of Ce/Ti increased to 1.0, the absorbance edge wavelength increased to 481 nm. The absorbance edge wavelength decreased for higher cerium doping levels （Ce/Ti=2.0）. The particles size ranged from 122 to 255 nm with a domain at 168 nm （39.4%）. The degradation of ARB dye indicated that the photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 were much higher than those of P25 （a standard TiO2 powder）. The activities increased as the boron doping increased, whereas decreased when the Ce/Ti atomic ratio was greater than 0.5. The optimum atomic ratio of B/Ti and Ce/Ti was 1.6 and 0.5, respectively.     

氮肥与DCD配施对棚室黄瓜土壤NH3挥发损失及N2O排放的影响

以传统水氮管理为对照,进行了优化水氮管理条件下氮肥与DCD配施对大棚黄瓜土壤氨挥发损失及氧化亚氮排放的影响研究.试验结果表明,与传统水氮管理相比,优化水氮管理减少了氮肥用量及灌水量,但黄瓜产量并没有降低.各水氮处理的NH3挥发速率峰值出现在施肥灌水后的第3d,添加DCD的各优化水氮处理与传统水氮处理相比,土壤氨挥发累积量分别减少55.97%、43.68%、66.47%,4次追肥后W2N2+DCD、W2N3+DCD和W2N4+DCD的氨挥发速率峰值与累积量变化范围较小.不同水氮处理的N2O排放通量的峰值均出现在施肥灌水后的第4d,各追肥时期W2N2+DCD、W2N3+DCD和W2N4+DCD处理,土壤N2O排放通量峰值与N2O累计排放量均显著低于传统水氮处理W1N1,并且3个处理之间不存在显著差异,充分表明优化水氮管理中将氮肥与DCD配施对减少N2O排放起到了显著作用.     

Role of barium nitrate on the sulfur fixation of calcium oxide

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