有机负荷对颗粒化SBR反应器的影响研究

研究了进水有机负荷对颗粒化SBR反应器的影响.当进水有机负荷由1.8 kg /(m³·d)逐步下降到1.575、 1.125和0.67 kg/(m³·d)时,好氧颗粒污泥形态特征发生了明显的变化,包括颗粒解体,污泥流失,颗粒化程度和整体沉降性能的下降,颗粒形状由较规则的球状变为杆状、星状等多种形状,颜色加深等.好氧颗粒污泥系统对COD和TP的去除率分别为90%和70%左右,且进水有机负荷的降低,对其影响较小,但会严重影响同步硝化反硝化的进行,当有机负荷由1.8 kg/(m³·d)下降到0.67 kg/(m³·d)时,硝化率下降了约45%,反硝化率下降了约40%.     

温度对短程硝化反硝化的影响

以间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)处理生活污水,系统考察了温度变化对短程硝化反硝化稳定性和硝化反硝化速率的影响.结果表明:在较高哌温度下((28±1)℃),通过实时控制和控制污泥龄在lOd左右,可以成功实现短程硝化反硝化.在此基础上对完全亚硝酸型硝化的污泥(NO2--N/NOx--N≈1)进行降温实验,每降1℃稳定一个多月,半年后不刻意控制温度,经历了冬季lO℃的低温,成功的稳定了常温、低温短程硝化反硝化,亚硝化率始终维持在78.8%以上.实验发现降低温度后对于AOB和NOB的活性都有很大的影响,但对于AOB的影响要大于NOB,对比氨氧化速率的影响大于比反硝化速率的影响.26℃条件下的比氨氧化速率和比反硝化速率分别是10℃条件下的4.49和2.91倍.可见降低温度对于短程系统硝化反应的影响要大于反硝化的影响.     

污水短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮中N2O释放量及控制策略

采用SBR反应器考察了短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程中N_2O的释放.通过实时控制策略实现了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮,亚硝化率可维持在90%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.5、 1.0、 1.5和2.0 mg/L条件下,考察N_2O的释放和亚硝化率的变化情况.结果表明,溶解氧1.5 mg/L时最有利于维持稳定的亚硝化率,同时N_2O逸出量最小,每去除1 g氨氮释放N_2O 0.06 g;在碳纤维填料SBR反应器中,通过维持较低溶解氧水平和分段投加碳源的运行方式成功实现了同步硝化反硝化,同步硝化反硝化率在79%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.2、 0.4、 1.0和1.5 mg/L时,考察N_2O的逸出情况.结果表明,溶解氧在1.0 mg/L时最有利于控制N2O的释放,每去除1g氨氮释放N2O 0.021 g,其N_2O释放量仅为短程硝化反硝化的1/3.     

异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥培养条件研究

以具有好氧反硝化功能的异养硝化菌剂作初始接种物,粉末状活性炭对该菌剂进行预固定,批次进水的方式培养出了异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥,研究了颗粒污泥的培养条件.结果表明,有机负荷、进水水质、曝气量和沉降时间都对异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥的形成发育起着重要作用.模拟废水和猪场废水都可以培养出异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥.在COD负荷4.0 g·(L·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷0.212 g·(L·d)~(-1),曝气量为200 L·h~(-1),沉降时间为2.0～4.0 min条件下可形成颗粒污泥.采用葡萄糖为碳源的模拟废水培养颗粒污泥容易引起丝状菌的增殖,导致颗粒污泥沉降性能变差和脱氮功能减退.采用猪场配水能够将丝状菌有效地淘汰出反应器,恢复颗粒污泥沉降性能和脱氮功能,并促进颗粒污泥发育成熟.成熟的颗粒污泥性状稳定,当COD负荷为6.6～8.6 g·(L·d)~(-1),总氮负荷为0.409～0.474 g·(L·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷为0.285～0.304 g·(L·d)~(-1)时,颗粒污泥对以葡萄糖为补充碳源的猪场废水的总氮去除率为84.75%～88.33%,氨氮去除率为99.9%以上,COD去除率为97.29%～98.62%.     

Nitrogen removal via nitrite from municipal landfill leachate

A system consisting of a two-stage up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), an anoxic/aerobic (A/O) reactor and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), was used to treat landfill leachate. During operation, denitrification and methanogenesis took place simultaneously in the first stage UASB, and the e uent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was further removed in the second stage UASB. Then the denitrification of nitrite and nitrate in the returned sludge by using the residual COD was accomplished in the A/O reactor, and ammonia was removed via nitrite in it. Last but not least, the residual ammonia was removed in SBR as well as nitrite and nitrate which were produced by nitrification. The results over 120 d (60 d for phase I and 60 d for phase II) were as follows: when the total nitrogen (TN) concentration of influent leachate was about 2500 mg/L and the ammonia nitrogen concentration was about 2000 mg/L, the shortcut nitrification with 85%–90% nitrite accumulation was achieved stably in the A/O reactor. The TN and ammonia nitrogen removal e ciencies of the system were 98% and 97%, respectively. The residual ammonia, nitrite and nitrate produced during nitrification in the A/O reactor could be washed out almost completely in SBR. The TN and ammonia nitrogen concentrations of final e uent were about 39 mg/L and 12 mg/L, respectively.     

湿式除尘器氢气爆炸事故控制研究*

为降低铝合金湿式除尘系统发生氢气爆炸事故的风险,提出1种氢气抑制的方法用来降低铝合金湿式除尘系统发生氢气爆炸事故的可能性。选取柠檬酸钠作为抑制剂开展抑氢实验研究,得到不同浓度的柠檬酸钠溶液随时间变化的抑氢曲线。当柠檬酸钠溶液浓度为0.4~4 g/L时,能有效抑制铝合金粉尘与水的反应。通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和能量色散谱（energy dispersive spectroscopy,EDS)分析对铝合金粉与柠檬酸钠溶液反应后的产物进行表征。最后,对本文提出的抑氢方法的经济性进行分析,明确该方法在节约安全投入方面具有非常明显的优势。抑氢本质化安全设计方法为控制铝合金湿式除尘系统氢气爆炸事故提供了1种新的思路,同时也可被控制核反应堆氢气爆炸事故所借鉴。     

Role of the reduction site in the fluorinated or sulfated TiO2 photocatalytic process

In this article,the effects of TiO_2 surface fluorination and sulfation,on the active oxygen species formed at the reduction site in the photocatalytic process,namely O_2~(?) and H_2O_2,were investigated from a new perspective.The superoxide radical,(O_2~(?)),was determined by colorimetry of nitroblue tetrazolium,a prominent O_2~(?) scavenger.Hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) was estimated by using the iodide-starch method.In the naked TiO_2 photocatalysis,O_2~(?) though less reactive,was a very important intermediate.When the TiO_2 surface was fluorinated,more O_2~(?) and H_2O_2 were produced,which indicated that the surface modification could greatly reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes,thus enhancing the photocatalytic rate.In the sulfated system,photocatalysis proceeded with a more complicated mechanism.These results added support to the view of fluoride-induced enhancement and sulfide's nonappreciable inhibition effect.     

异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能研究

研究了异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY的脱氮性能.结果表明,Bacillus sp. LY是1株具有脱氮能力的异养硝化细菌.在NH⁺₄-N浓度分别为40、80和120 mg/L 3种情况下,120 h反应后,氨氮的去除率分别是100%、85.7%、73.7%,总氮的去除率分别是76.6%、53.4%、64.8%,在菌液初始浓度相同的情况下,随着NH⁺₄-N浓度的增加,细菌的硝化速率以及脱氮速率呈现下降的趋势.有机物浓度是影响Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能的重要因素,低的有机物浓度会阻碍细菌脱氮性能的发挥,中的有机物浓度会促进细菌脱氮性能的发挥,使体系的脱氮效果达到最佳,高的有机物浓度并不能再次提升细菌的脱氮性能.在Bacillus sp. LY作用下,有机氮经过氨化作用生成氨氮,通过2条可能的途径转化为氮气.1条途径是氨氮先硝化生成亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐,然后反硝化生成氮气.另1条途径是氨氮被氧化生成羟胺,然后脱氢生成氧化亚氮并进一步转化为氮气.这些研究可为开发新型高效生物脱氮工艺提供参考.     

SBR短程脱氮系统中亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷的影响

采用SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,通过控制好氧段的DO浓度及曝气时间,实现了短程硝化反硝化,并考察了短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷系统的影响.结果表明,在没有补充外碳源的情况下,好氧阶段NO2--N的积累低于10 mg·L-1时,聚磷菌的吸磷及放磷能力没有受到影响,好氧出水磷浓度基本维持在1 mg·L-1以下;当N...     

废水生物脱氮机制研究进展

废水脱氮越来越受人们重视,而生物脱氮以它独特的优势受到人们的青睐。通过从生物脱氮的微生物,微观机制,宏观环境三个方面论述,重点论述了短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、异养硝化好氧反硝化的脱氮机制,为以后的生物脱氮研究提供较为完整的资料。