Community analysis of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers in start-up of aerobic granular sludge reactor

A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was setup and the aerobic granular sludge was successfully incubated by using anaerobic granular sludge as seed sludge. Nitrogen was partially removed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) via nitrite with free ammonia (FA) of about 10 mg/L. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used to investigate community structure of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and Nitrospira populations during start-up. The population sizes of bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira were examined using real-time PCR method. The analysis of community structure and Shannon index showed that stable structure of AOB population was obtained at the day 35, while the communities of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, and Nitrospira became stable after day 45. At stable stage, the average cell densities were 1.1×1012, 2.2×1010 and 1.0×1010 cells/L for bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira, respectively. The relationship between characteristics of nitrifying bacteria community and nitrogenous substrate utilization constant was discussed by calculating Pearson correlation. Certain correlation seemed to exist between population size, biodiversity, and degradation constant. And the influence of population size might be greater than that of biodiversity.     

水溶性有机质对土壤硝化作用过程的影响

以江苏省宿迁市潮土为供试土壤,设置DOC220、DOC440和DOC880 3个添加水溶性有机质(DOM)处理,分别含有机碳(DOC)220、440和880 mg.L-1。试验结果表明,DOM对硝化过程有一定的抑制作用,在培养第16天时,未添加DOM的对照中NH4 -N几乎100%已经转化为NO3--N,而添加DOM的3个处理硝化率分别比对照降低7.83%、13.60%和19.12%;与对照相比,添加DOM的处理中NH4 -N含量降低缓慢,但培养过程中亚硝酸盐的积累显著增加,对照在第12天时NO2--N达到最大积累量67.83 mg.L-1,而DOC220、DOC440和DOC880处理土壤中NO2--N积累量分别在第12、14和16天达到最大值,与对照相比积累量分别增加21.17%、33.91%和59.90%。此外,DOM的添加也降低了NO3--N的生成速率,到第16天时,对照已经达到最大积累量143.61 mg.L-1NO3--N,但此时DOC220、DOC440和DOC880处理中NO3--N含量比对照分别低41.97、78.09和91.30 mg.L-1。为排除因添加DOM带来外源氮所引起的影响,同时进行了相同初始氮量下添加DOM与单施(NH4)2SO4对硝化作用影响的比较试验,结果同样表现出亚硝酸盐积累量的增加和NO3--N生成速率的降低,表明DOM中所含的有机碳及小分子化合物影响了硝化作用。高有机质环境下存在潜在的亚硝酸盐积累风险,对土壤和水体生态系统健康可能有一定影响。     

生物滤池中亚硝化过程的研究

实验采用生物滤池工艺对高氨氮下的亚硝化过程进行了研究,逐步优化运行,结果表明：DO为1．0mg／L,pH值为7．5～8．0,回流比为4时,系统可获得高效稳定的NO2^--N积累。     

SBR工艺短程硝化反硝化脱氮试验研究

采用SBR工艺处理人工配制的高氨氮生活污水,考察了pH值、温度、DO等因素对亚硝氟积累的影响.试验结果表明,在常温(25℃左右)条件下,经过20天的驯化培养后,氨氮去除率为98％,亚硝酸氮积累率达到90％,在SBR系统内实现了短程反硝化反应.当pH值在8.0～8.5时,氨氮去除率大于80％,亚硝酸氮积累率大于90％;温...     

Co-metabolic degradation of naphthalene and pyrene by acclimated strain and competitive inhibition kinetics

A dominant strain named Ochrobactrum sp. was isolated from soils contaminated with coal tar. The batch experiments were carried out to study the co-metabolic degradation of pyrene by Ochrobactrum MB-2 with naphthalene as the main substrate and the effects of several significant parameters such as naphthalene concentration, pH and temperature on removal efficiency were explored. The results showed that Ochrobactrum MB-2 effectively degraded naphthalene and that the addition of naphthalene favored the degradation of pyrene. The maximum elimination efficiency of naphthalene (10?mg?L^?1) and pyrene (1?mg?L^?1) was achieved at pH 7 and 25?°C, and the corresponding values were 99 and 41%, respectively. A competitive inhibition model based on the Michaelis–Menten equation was used to characterize the inhibitory effect of pyrene on naphthalene degradation. The values of the half-saturation coefficient for naphthalene (K_S) and dissociation constant of enzyme-inhibitor complex (K_C) were determined to be 4.93 and 1.38?mg?L^?1, respectively.     

农田土壤N2O产生的关键微生物过程及减排措施

氧化亚氮(N2O)作为一种重要的温室气体,其全球排放总量仍然在持续上升.它不仅可以产生温室效应,还可以间接破坏臭氧层,使其在全球气候变化和生态环境变化研究中备受关注.土壤生态系统是大气中N2O的最重要排放源.本文详细论述了农田土壤中反硝化作用、硝化作用、硝化微生物的反硝化作用以及硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用等过程产生N2O的微生物学机制,并从土壤理化性质(土壤pH、氮素、有机质、土壤温度和湿度)和土壤生物等方面对农田土壤N2O排放的影响进行综述,在此基础上对农田土壤N2O的减排措施进行总结,并就今后农田土壤N2O排放的研究重点和方向进行了展望,为调控农田土壤温室气体排放、氮转化过程和提高氮素利用效率提供科学依据.     

异养硝化细菌的分离及其硝化特性实验研究

采用将传统微生物学方法与现代分子生物学手段相结合的新型异养硝化细菌的分离筛选方法,从具有80.1%的SND效果的MBR系统中分离筛选出2株异养硝化细菌,通过生理生化实验、16S rDNA的序列分析,认定为属新报道的异养型硝化细菌.通过批式试验考察了分离纯化得到的异养硝化细菌的硝化性能.结果表明,Bacillussp.LY及Brevibacillussp.LY具有异养微生物的性质,在充分利用有机碳进行有氧呼吸的同时还具有较强的硝化及脱氮能力:24d好氧培养后,COD的去除率分别为71.7%及52.6%;氨氮的转化率分别为78.2%及51.2%;总氮的转化率分别为69.2%及35.6%.     

2,4-二硝基酚厌氧生物降解动力学研究

研究了间歇试验条件下,2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)与葡萄糖共基质时的厌氧降解动力学.结果表明:2,4-DNP与葡萄糖能同时被微生物降解;葡萄糖浓度高低对2,4-DNP的降解影响不大,而2,4-DNP的存在明显影响COD的降解.当2,4-DNP浓度<225 mg/L时,其比降解速率随浓度增大而增大,浓度为225 mg/L时比降解速率达到最大;由于底物抑制,当2,4-DNP浓度>225 mg/L时,其比降解速率呈下降趋势.选用Andrews非竞争性抑制模型描述2,4-DNP厌氧降解动力学,对实验数据进行非线性拟合,求得模型参数q_max、K_s和K_i分别为3.24 mg/(h·g)、196.23 mg/L和165.91mg/L,实验数据与该动力学方程拟合较好.     

好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥中硝化细菌群落结构分析

在小试好氧上流式污泥床(AUSB)反应器中,实现了由厌氧颗粒污泥到好氧硝化污泥再到亚硝化颗粒污泥的转化,AUSB反应器的亚硝化率稳定在90%以上.利用FISH、荧光实时定量PCR等技术,考察了AUSB反应器中好氧颗粒污泥中硝化菌群的生态分布.结果表明:好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥呈层状结构,氨氧化细菌(AOB)主要分布在颗粒污泥表层,亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)多分布在内层,颗粒内核则无活性细胞;随反应器氨氮负荷逐渐提高,颗粒污泥中AOB的相对含量逐渐升高,当NH₃-N负荷分别为0、0.4、1、     

污染环境重金属酶抑制法快速检测技术研究进展

综述了酶抑制法快速检测环境重金属的原理和方法,介绍了脲酶抑制法及其与之相结合的酶传感器、试剂条、量热计、比色法等痕量重金属快速检测新技术,提出了今后的研究方向.