Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of abamectin on mammalian butyrylcholinesterase: Enzyme kinetic and molecular docking studies

ABSTRACT

Abamectin, a blend of the natural avermectins B_1a and B_1b, is a widely-used insecticide/miticide with relatively low toxicity to mammals. Exposure to high doses of it, however, leads to cholinergic-like neurotoxic effects. Butyrylcholinesterase, which is best known for its abundant presence in plasma, is a serine hydrolase loosely coupled with the cholinergic system. It protects and supports the neurotransmitter function of its sister enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Here, using experimental and computational studies, we provide evidence demonstrating that abamectin is a potent (IC₅₀ = 10.6 μM; K_i = 2.26 ± 0.35 μM) inhibitor of horse serum butyrylcholinesterase and that it interacts with the enzyme in a reversible, competitive manner predictively to block the mouth of the active-site gorge of the enzyme and to bind to several critical residues that normally bind/hydrolyze choline esters.     

Effect of selected herbicides on activities of microorganisms in soils

Abstract

With the exception of EPTC, herbicide treatments showed inhibitory effects on bacterial colony counts in a sandy loam soil for the first week. Monolinuron and simazine were stimulatory to the growth of fungi in the organic soil after 2 wk. None of the herbicide treatments affected nitrification during the first week of incubation. Except the treatment of EPTC in organic soil, all herbicides inhibited nitrification after 2 wk in both soils. All herbicide treatments stimulated SO₄ formation during the 8‐wk period in the sandy loam soil. Simazine and tridiphane also stimulated sulfur oxidation after 4 wk in an organic soil. With the exception of EPTC and nitrapyrin, no significant inhibitory effect on the amount of biomass‐C was observed in the organic soil. A stimulatory effect on denitrification was observed with EPTC for 2 wk and monolinuron for 1 wk in the sandy loam soil and with simazine and tridiphane after 2 wk in the organic soil. It is apparent that the indigenous soil microorganisms can tolerate the effects of the chemicals for control of soil weeds.     

城市污水厂尾水受纳河段沉积物脲酶活性及硝化潜力分析

为探究城市污水厂尾水排放对河流沉积物氮素滞留的影响,在合肥市的南淝河、十五里河、塘西河、板桥河和廿埠河各选取一个河段,分3个季节采集尾水排放口上、下游一定范围的河道表层沉积物,解析沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力及其变化特征,并对沉积物脲酶活性对外源碳的响应开展定量化分析.结果表明,5个尾水受纳河段排放口下游河道沉积物TN、NH₄⁺-N含量都不同程度的低于上游对照点,多数受纳河段沉积物NO₃^--N和OM含量下降,TP则大都不同程度的升高.绝大多数受纳河段尾水排放口下游沉积物脲酶活性低于上游对照点,甚至离尾水排放口距离越近的采样点位脲酶活性越低.5个尾水受纳河段不同程度表现出沉积物脲酶活性随外源碳浓度梯度增大的特点,表明河段沉积物脲酶活性存在一定的碳限制性.南淝河、十五里河和塘西河河段尾水排放口下游所有采样点沉积物硝化速率均高于上游对照点,而板桥河、 廿埠河河段则相反.总体上,各尾水受纳河段排放口上游对照点与下游采样点的沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力和硝化活性差异性不显著.     

Novel strategy of nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater using pilot Orbal oxidation ditch

A pilot-scale Orbed oxidation ditch was operated for 17 months to optimize nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater of average COD to total nitrogen ratio of 2.7, with particular concern about the roles of dissolved oxygen （DO）, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） and return activated sludge （RAS） recycle ratio. Remarkable simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） was observed and mean total nitrogen （TN） removal efficiency up to 72.1% was steadily achieved, at DO concentration in the out, middle and inner channel of 0.1, 0.4 and 0.7 mg/L, respectively, with an average M LSS of 5.5 g/L and RAS recycle ratio of 150%. Although the out channel took the major role in TN removal, the role of middle channel should never be ignored. The denitrification potential could be fully developed under low DO, high MLSS with adequate RAS ratio. The sludge settleability was amazingly improved under low DO operation mode, and some explanations were tried. In addition, a scries of simplified batch tests were done to determine whether novel microorganisms could make substantial contribution to the performance of nitrogen removal. The results indicated that the SND observed in this Orbal oxidation ditch was more likely a physical phenomenon.     

絮凝作用对HEDP防垢性能的影响

絮凝剂ＰＨＰ、防垢剂ＨＥＤＰ是油田水处理常用的药剂。在油田水处理过程中，调节污水的ＰＨ、投加絮凝剂常常与投加防垢剂一起或先后进行。本文对投加絮凝剂和调节ＰＨ对防士兵防垢性能的影响进行了研究。实验结果证明，絮凝剂的絮凝作用和ＰＨ调节产生的Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）２，均会使污水中的ＨＥＤＰ含量发生变化，防垢性能受到影响。     

膜生物反应器处理氨氮废水的研究进展

综述了膜生物反应器处理氨氮废水的三种工艺：常规活性污泥工艺、SBR工艺和A／O工艺。总结了国内外研究的工艺特征、技术参数和处理效果，并分析了其未来的研究方向和应用前景。     

高效藻类塘氮磷去除机理的研究进展

首先介绍了高效藻类塘的发展历史和特点，其次简述了高效藻类塘的生物特性和物理化学变化规律，并重点论述了高效藻类塘的氮磷去除机理及其影响因素，最后对高效藻类塘在控制非点源污染中的应用前景进行展望。     

连续/间歇曝气下MBBR-亚硝化生物膜特性

本文分别以连续曝气和间歇曝气方式长期运行两套亚硝化移动床生物膜反应器,对比分析两种曝气方式下亚硝化生物膜特性差异和变化.研究表明,连续曝气和间歇曝气均可实现亚硝化生物膜生长（K_d> 0）,但间歇曝气下生物膜连续脱落对生物总量基本无影响,生物膜生长过程更加稳定,且当亚硝化运行稳定后,间歇曝气可获得更高的生物总量（1.42g/m²）.而连续曝气下生物膜可获得更高的蛋白质/多糖（PN/PS=1.8~2.0）和蛋白质/挥发性固体（PN/VS=0.145）以及更低的腐殖质/挥发性固体（HS/VS=0.05）和死细胞占比（13.66%）.这说明连续曝气下生物膜中活性生物量占比更高,惰性生物量占比更低,活细胞占比更高,因而生物膜活性更高,微生物代谢更活跃.荧光实时定量PCR结果显示,以连续曝气运行的MBBR生物膜中亚硝化菌总量远高于间歇曝气,连续曝气更利于亚硝化菌的生长富集（2.36copies×10⁸/g > 0.25copies×10⁸/g）.     

IFAS工艺短程硝化过程中功能菌的动力学特性

实验采用生物膜-活性污泥复合工艺（IFAS）,探究了不同进水NH₄⁺-N负荷以及游离氨（FA）浓度下的好氧氨氧化细菌（AOB）和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（NOB）的动力学特性,考察了不同微生物聚集体（悬浮污泥和载体生物膜）对于NH₄⁺-N去除的贡献,同时对其中的生物吸附和生物降解进行定量分析.利用荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术观察了总菌、AOB和NOB的数量以及空间结构的变化.结果表明,随着进水NH₄⁺-N浓度逐渐升高,出水NO₃^--N浓度逐渐下降,NO₂^--N得到大量积累,当进水NH₄⁺-N浓度为480mg/L时,NH₄⁺-N去除率和亚硝酸盐氮积累率（NAR）分别稳定在95%和80%以上,而FA由（2.77±0.07）mg/L增加至（16.35±0.3）mg/L时,NAR由9.42%增加至83.31%,实现了对NOB的抑制.在NH₄⁺-N的去除过程中生物吸附和微生物降解分别占NH₄⁺-N去除量的3.4%和88.1%,悬浮污泥和生物膜中AOB占比分别由27.4%和10.3%增加至41.3%和18.1%,表明悬浮污泥比生物膜更有利实现对于AOB的富集.