西安市大气降水的主要化学组分及其来源

为认识西安市大气降水主要化学组分的现状,对2019年西安市市区和郊区大气降水样品的pH值、电导率、水溶性离子和重金属的质量浓度、湿沉降通量和来源进行了研究.结果表明,西安市冬季大气降水pH、电导率、水溶性离子和重金属浓度均高于其它季节.降水中主要的水溶性离子为Ca²⁺、 NH⁺₄、 SO■和NO^-₃,其之和占总离子浓度的(88.5±2.8)%;市区和郊区主要重金属是Zn和Fe、 Zn和Mn,其之和分别占总金属浓度的(54.0%±3)%和(47.0%±8)%.市区和郊区降水中水溶性离子的湿沉降通量分别为(253.2±58.4)mg·(m²·month)^-1和(241.9±61.1)mg·(m²·month)^-1,呈现出冬季高于其他季节的特点;重金属的湿沉降通量分别为(86.2±37.5)mg·(m²·month)^-1和(88.1±37.4)mg·(m...     

反硝化脱氮对太湖蓝藻水华态势的影响

反硝化作用是水生生态系统的主要脱氮过程,与蓝藻生长之间存在对氮素的竞争作用,然而气候变化背景下反硝化脱氮对蓝藻水华发生动态的影响仍不清楚.基于2017~2021年北太湖为期5 a的水质监测历史数据,结合不同温度下蓝藻生长和沉积物泥浆培养实验,探究了湖体反硝化脱氮与蓝藻水华之间的相互影响.监测数据表明,太湖水体藻类生物量（以Chla表示）高值主要出现在夏秋季节,而总氮浓度季节变化规律与藻类生物量完全相反,冬春季较高,夏秋季显著降低,溶解态无机氮主要以硝态氮为主,并且硝态氮浓度在夏秋季节几乎接近于零.总磷浓度与Chla浓度变化一致.蓝藻培养实验结果表明,20℃以下蓝藻不能大量生长繁殖.泥浆培养实验结果发现,太湖反硝化作用的最高温度阈值为25℃,在10~25℃之间反硝化潜力与温度呈现显著的线性关系（R²=0.99）.反硝化作用发生的最高硝态氮浓度阈值为4 mg ·L^-1,远高于太湖水体的硝态氮浓度,反硝化潜力最高达到（62.98±21.36）μmol ·（kg ·h）^-1.太湖水体反硝化速率受到硝态氮浓度的限制,而气候变暖导致湖泊温度提前升高,会使蓝藻提前生长,蓝藻生长对硝态氮的同化吸收会和反硝化作用产生竞争,使得大量氮还未被反硝化作用脱除就被藻类吸收利用,从而加剧蓝藻水华暴发的态势.研究结果对于解释近年来气候变化背景下太湖蓝藻水华反弹的机制具有重要科学意义.     

Resource Potentials and Limitations of A Nicaraguan Agricultural Region

Food production has to be increased in a sustainable way to meet the future global demand. A key position is attributed to developing countries. A deepened understanding of their agricultural regions with specific resource endowments and constraints is therefore crucial. In this study we propose a methodology based on material flux analysis (MFA) to assess the resource potentials and limitations of a Nicaraguan agricultural region. We focus on current regional and farm resource management and explore them under two scenarios. Indicators are nitrogen and the degrees of self-sufficiency (DSS) for energy, and the staples maize and beans. As data is scarce, most information is based on interviews with farmers of four categories and key persons, and on literature. The results show that nitrogen management does not differ considerably among categories. Nitrogen is mined mostly from staple plots. Self-sufficiency for beans is given in an average year. Yet, landless and small farmers neither produce enough maize for autoconsumption, nor are they self-sufficient for firewood. Energy supply is also the core problem of the region, since the DSS is 70%. Soil nitrogen stocks last at most for three more generations. Analyses with the scenario technique show that: (a) Unlimited population growth has serious consequences in the near future e.g. severe shortage of energy and food. (b) Alternative farming systems are possible, but they require reducing the population by a factor 2, and thus the creation of jobs in a Hinterland. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN SEDIMENTS AS AFFECTED BY CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to elucidate some of the chemical factors affecting the rate and pathways of N transformations in lake sediments. The main emphasis was placed on modifying a noncalcareous sediment with CaCO₃ to approximate the composition of a calcareous sediment. Additionally, the effects of Ca²⁺, CO₃^2-, Mg2⁺ and OH^- were evaluated by using appropriate chemicals. Further, the effect of aluminum sulfate was evaluated with both sediment types. Sediment pH at 7 days was not affected by CaCO₃, but was decreased by aluminum sulfate. The CaCO₃ treatment increased the rate of ammonification, nitrification, reduction of acetylene to ethylene and methane formation, while with few exceptions the other treatments decreased the rate of the transformations studied. Aluminum sulfate, which has been proposed as a lake restoration treatment, increased ammonification but decreased most of the other transformations.     

Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and exports in a village-scale catchment in Southeast China

An experimental village-scale catchment was selected for investigation of nitrogen (N) sources and exports. The mean N application rate over the catchment was 350.2 kg N ha⁻¹, but this rate varied spatially and temporally. The N leaching loss rate varied from 8.1 to 52.7 kg N ha⁻¹ under different land use regimes. The average N leaching loss rate was 13.4 kg N ha⁻¹ over the whole catchment, representing about 3.8% of the total N inputs. The N export rate through stormflows was 28.8 kg N ha⁻¹, about 8.2% of the total N inputs. Seasonal patterns showed that 95% of N exports through stormflows occurred during July to September in 2002. Overall, the maximum riverine N exports were 12.1% of total N inputs and 15.5% of the inorganic fertilizer N applied. Understanding N sources and exports in a village-scale catchment can provide a knowledge base for amelioration of diffuse agricultural pollution.     

丹江口水库总氮较高原因初步分析

通过对丹江口水库库区、河南省辖入库河流及其它水体含氮类指标的对比,对水库总氮偏高的原因加以分析,指出总氮标准与硝酸盐、氨氮标准有差异,提出合理评价总氮指标及水库水质、加强水质保护措施的建议。     

埕岛油田海底管道漏磁检测与安全评估

提出了埕岛油田海底管道内缺陷漏磁检测需解决的主要问题,研发了325 mm管道内缺陷漏磁检测装置,确定了海底管道漏磁检测工艺流程,配套了管道检测发射装置、接受装置等相关设施,实现了海底管道的漏磁检测、缺陷分析和安全评估。     

人工湿地对二级出水中TN、TP去除效果的季节性研究

研究了垂直流和表面流两种人工湿地系统在水力停留时间为2 d条件下,在不同季节对二级出水中TN、TP的去除效果。结果显示,垂直流湿地系统对TN、TP的去除效果优于表面流湿地系统。两种类型的人工湿地对TN的去除效果随季节的变化而波动,夏秋季节去除率最高,春季次之,冬季去除效果最差;垂直流人工湿地系统对TP的去除效果随季节的变化趋势与TN去除率的变化相同,而表面流湿地系统对TP的去除效果在春夏秋季变化不大,冬季的平均去除率仅有16.5%。分析认为,人工湿地应用于二级出水的深度处理,对于满足观赏性景观环境用水(尤其是观赏性河道和湖泊类)的水质指标是可行的。     

旋转切向流聚丙烯管式膜微滤能耗分析

设计了一种新型旋转切向流聚丙烯管式膜器,实验研究了聚丙烯PA管式膜器的能耗通过建立的旋转切向流强化微滤实验装置系统,测定了聚丙烯PA管式膜器在旋转切向流和轴向流下的膜通量与能量有效利用率.实验结果表明,旋转切向流管式膜微滤比一般轴向流膜微滤的有效利用率要高得多,是一种非常有效的强化膜分离技术在实验条件下,直线切向流膜微滤和圆弧切向流膜微滤的稳态能量有效利用率比轴向流稳态能量有效利用率分别高11.185倍和14.591倍.     

稻田甲烷排放通量与农业管理措施的关系

1990至1992年对北京地区的麦后稻区及单季稻区进行了三年的稻田甲烷排放通量的测定,麦后稻区的甲烷排放通量约17.5mg/m~2·h;单季稻小区约在8.5-10mg/m~2·h。有机底肥的用量是影响甲烷排放通量的首要因素,旱直播及仅使用化肥可降低甲烷排放通量。在一定量有机底肥的条件下,采用间歇灌溉的方法既可保持或提高水稻的产量,又可抑制或降低甲烷的排放通量,但也观测到干干湿湿的状态下温室气体N_2O的排放通量有所增加。