滇池河流氮入湖负荷时空变化及形态组成贡献

为给进一步实施滇池入湖污染控制及小流域污染治理提供依据,以滇池环湖28条河流入湖水量及水体中不同形态氮的质量浓度逐月调查数据为基础,研究了滇池河流不同形态氮的入湖浓度(ρ)和入湖负荷的时空变化,并探讨了不同形态氮的入湖负荷贡献. 结果表明:①滇池河流入湖ρ(TN)在2.91～94.01 mg/L之间,以ρ(DIN)(DIN为溶解性无机氮)最高,而ρ(DON)(DON为溶解性有机氮)和ρ(PN)(PN为颗粒态氮)均较低. ②滇池河流氮入湖负荷总量为6 908.47 t/a,绝大多数河流以DIN负荷为主,平均贡献为67.15%;DON和PN入湖负荷贡献相近,平均分别为17.86%和14.99%. ③不同形态氮入湖负荷贡献的季节性差异明显,DIN入湖负荷较高值出现在春夏季(3—9月),平均贡献达74.01%;DON入湖负荷较高值则出现在秋冬季(9月—翌年1月),平均贡献达33.42%;PN入湖负荷贡献月份变化差异较小,最高值出现在2月,贡献为40.19%. ④滇池河流氮入湖负荷不仅要考虑DIN的贡献,也应重视DON和PN负荷,控制滇池河流氮入湖负荷需要考虑不同河流不同形态氮负荷组成及其季节性差异,有针对性地采取相应措施.      

鸟粪石热解回收法去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的研究

采取鸟粪石热解回收,再循环利用的方法去除不同来源渗滤液中的氨氮,以降低投药成本。得到的最佳工艺条件为p H=9.5~10,药品投加量为氨氮浓度1.1倍,反应时间20 min,热解温度为100℃,热解时间4 h以上。热解鸟粪石法去除垃圾渗滤液氨氮的效果根据渗滤液本身的性质会产生较大的变化。老龄渗滤液中鸟粪石循环使用20次以后,单位质量的氨氮的去除成本降低至11.63元/kg以下;但在相同工艺条件下处理新鲜渗滤液,鸟粪石循环使用20次以后,单位质量氨氮的去除成本依然维持在35.23元/kg以上。     

模拟状态下高尔夫球场果岭区域土壤氮磷浸出物对铁岗水库水质影响研究

通过采集高尔夫球场即将淹没的果岭土壤进行实验室条件下的模拟库基样品试验,对水库扩容后蓄水初期水质的变化情况进行了研究.结果表明:库水所含主要成分pH、高锰酸钾盐指数、总氮、总磷、氨氮和硝酸盐氮分别为7.4(mg/L)、30.8(mg/L)、1.16(mg/L)、1.189(mg/L)、0.21(mg/L)和0.11(mg/L);果岭20 cm土层库基土样pH、有机质、硝酸盐氮、氨态氮和有效磷分别为6.41(mg/kg)、10.29(mg/kg)、25.48(mg/kg)、25.76(mg/kg)和140.77(mg/kg).现有库基成分会改变库水高锰酸钾盐指标的升高.库水本身的总磷和总氮含量就严重超标.果岭库基本身的磷氮含量也很高.浸泡后果岭库基土样对降低浸出物总磷的严重超标起到了对冲的作用,致使总磷含量大为降低.     

Floodplain Trapping and Cycling Compared to Streambank Erosion of Sediment and Nutrients in an Agricultural Watershed

Floodplains and streambanks can positively and negatively influence downstream water quality through interacting geomorphic and biogeochemical processes. Few studies have measured those processes in agricultural watersheds. We measured inputs (floodplain sedimentation and dissolved inorganic loading), cycling (floodplain soil nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P] mineralization), and losses (bank erosion) of sediment, N, and P longitudinally in stream reaches of Smith Creek, an agricultural watershed in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province. All study reaches were net depositional (floodplain deposition > bank erosion), had high N and P sedimentation and loading rates to the floodplain, high soil concentrations of N and P, and high rates of floodplain soil N and P mineralization. High sediment, N, and P inputs to floodplains are attributed to agricultural activity in the region. Rates of P mineralization were much greater than those measured in other studies of nontidal floodplains that used the same method. Floodplain connectivity and sediment deposition decreased longitudinally, contrary to patterns in most watersheds. The net trapping function of Smith Creek floodplains indicates a benefit to water quality. Further research is needed to determine if future decreases in floodplain deposition, continued bank erosion, and the potential for nitrate leaching from nutrient‐enriched floodplain soils could pose a long‐term source of sediment and nutrients to downstream rivers.     

Microbial bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the sediments of Lake Shankou, Northeastern China

Dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)extracted from Lake Shankou sediments using KCl was isolated into hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions.The bioavailabilities of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions to three types of bacterial communities collected from sediments,activated sludge and compost products were examined.The DON recoveries obtained by DAX-8 and cation exchange resins treatment were 96.17% ± 1.58% and 98.14% ±0% for the samples obtained from N4 and N14 stations,respectively.After 25 days of incubation at 25°C,most DON(59% to 96%)was degraded.Hydrophilic DON exhibited a higher reduction rate than hydrophobic DON during the growth phase.Untreated wastewater from Changshuihe town was the main degradable DON source to station N4,and 93% of hydrophilic DON and 80% of hydrophobic DON were degraded.Station N14 received a large amount of refractory DON from forest soils and exhibited DON degradation rates of 82% and 71% for the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions,respectively.Amino acid contents and fluorescence intensities were also analyzed.Approximately 27% to 74% of amino acids were taken up by day 5,and their concentration gradually increased in the following days due to the decomposition of dissolved proteins.Parallel factor analysis resulted in identification of tryptophan-like proteins,tyrosine-like proteins and FA-like substances.During the growth phase,40%–51% of the tryptophan-like proteins were taken up by bacteria,and the accumulation of tyrosine-like proteins was attributed to the release of biotic substances.The concentration of the FA-like substances decreased due to microbial decomposition.     

成都市中心城区春季大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)的污染特征研究

于2012年5月11日至5月15日同时对成都中心城区及其大气环境监测对照点都江堰灵岩寺大气PM2.5进行采集,并分析其中的化学组分。研究结果表明:成都市中心城区PM2.5的总体质量浓度大于灵岩寺,且各化学组分的质量浓度也均大于灵岩寺。两站点PM2.5中OC/EC均大于2,有2次有机碳的存在;中心城区WSOC和TN日均浓度大于灵岩寺,同时发现中心城区TN日变化趋势与灵岩寺一致,WSOC变化不明显;水溶性二次离子(SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4)浓度相对较高,中心城区SO2-4/NO-3值比灵岩寺小,说明成都市机动车尾气是主要排放源。     

沉积物中有机磷在pH和温度影响下的矿化机制

通过实验室模拟,采用Bowman-Cole有机磷分级修正体系研究了pH和温度对沉积物中有机磷矿化的影响机制.结果表明,pH为6.5、 7.5、 8.5时有机磷（TOP）占总磷（TP）比例分别介于31.71%～41.73%、30.85%～43.29%和27.25%～56.31%之间,碱性条件促进有机磷矿化,中性条件下矿化速率减缓.15℃、25℃和35℃的TOP/TP分别介于29.07%～46.62%、27.81%～46.62%和34.56%～46.62%,在30 d模拟期内,前10 d有机磷矿化随着温度上升而增加,后20 d呈相反趋势.在偏酸性和高温条件下,稳性有机磷（NOP）向中活性有机磷（MLOP）的转化,中活性有机磷（MLOP）向活性有机磷（LOP）的转化呈现同步性,LOP矿化分解很快,使其可能成为上覆水中藻类生长的磷源,潜在影响了富营养化进程.     

纳滤膜去除卡马西平的影响因素研究

主要研究了纳滤膜去除饮用水中卡马西平(CBZ)的影响因素.首先比较了膜NF270和NF90去除CBZ的效果,发现孔径较小的NF90对CBZ的去除效果远优于孔径较大的NF270.其次考察了CBZ初始浓度、pH值、离子强度和水温对去除率的影响.结果表明,pH值的降低,钙离子浓度的提高以及水温的提高会导致CBZ去除率的降低....     

A^2O脱氮除磷工艺及其变型工艺比较分析

传统的A2O工艺及其变型工艺,由于工艺流程简单、控制方便、运行费用低等特点,目前仍广泛应用于污水处理的脱氮除磷。对传统的A2O工艺及其变型工艺的原理和特点进行了系统归纳和比较分析。     

清洁生产审核在氮肥企业的应用

某氮肥企业通过开展清洁生产审核,确定以节水、减少废水及水污染物排放量为目标,将企业供排水系统作为本轮清洁生产审核的重点,针对审核重点制定了定量的清洁生产审核目标,通过清洁生产方案的实施实现了环境效益、社会效益与经济效益的统一,为氮肥企业实施清洁生产提供了良好的借鉴。