脱氮-混凝气浮-UASB-接触氧化法处理垃圾填埋渗滤液

采用脱氮—混凝气浮—UASB—接触氧化工艺处理高氨氮、高浊度的垃圾渗滤液，使处理后出水的各项指标完全达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)二级新扩改标准。对废水处理系统的工艺作了简单介绍，并对系统的调试、运行过程进行了技术总结。     

几种氨氮吸附剂的对比实验研究

为给人工快速渗滤系统提供可行的填料,研究了煅烧贝壳、沸石、麦饭石、蛭石、中砂和细砂对氨氮的吸附效果。实验采用100 mg／L的氯化铵溶液作为初始溶液,结果表明,6种填料均具有快速吸附,缓慢平衡的吸附特点。经过11 h的吸附,煅烧后的贝壳对于氨氮的吸附量为0．993 mg／g。各个氨氮初始浓度梯次下,沸石的最大吸附量均超过其它5种填料,具有明显的氨氮吸附效果。     

酸雨作用下中亚带森林冠层淋溶规律研究

2001年1月～2002年6月对韶山亚热带常绿阔叶林4个采样区进行了酸雨的监测,以监测数据为依据,分析研究了林内穿透水中主要离子的淋溶规律。结果表明:大气降水经过森林冠层后pH值明显升高,韶山亚热带常绿阔叶林对SO42-、NO3-、Mg2+、NH4+离子具有吸收作用,特别是NH4+和NO3-离子。SO42-、Ca2+和Mg2+离子的冠层淋溶百分率随降雨量的增加有明显减少的趋势。Ca2+、K+和Cl-随着pH的增加,其冠层淋溶百分率呈增加趋势。韶山地区在常年酸沉降作用下,森林冠层对酸性离子SO42-、NO3-的吸收作用最强。根据18个月离子浓度平均值来计算,韶山地区森林冠层离子的淋溶序列为:K+>Ca2+>Cl->Mg2+>SO42->NO3->NH4+>Na+。     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

沼液养殖钝顶螺旋藻的中试研究

在室外中试规模的跑道池中,使用混凝沉淀处理后的沼液养殖高耐污钝顶螺旋藻,研究了螺旋藻的生长情况以及沼液中氮磷的去除情况,计算了沼液中氮磷向螺旋藻体的转化效率.在此基础上,结合小试研究,分析总结了使用沼液室外规模化养殖螺旋藻过程中存在的问题和对策.以12 d为一个培养周期,总共进行了6批次培养试验,其中3批次培养的螺旋藻浓度能够达到采收要求(D560>0.8);而另外3批次未能收获螺旋藻.成功的3个养殖批次中,螺旋藻采收后沼液中COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷分别减少了28.6%~48.5%、30.4%~48.5%、41.8%~48.6%、14.3%~94.5%;其中去除的总氮和总磷向螺旋藻细胞的转化率分别为12.1%~98.5%和21.2%~83.7%.沼液中的高浓度氨氮以及残存虫卵孵化产生的虫害是导致另外3批次培养螺旋藻生长缓慢的主要因素,使用生物处理技术降低沼液中氨氮含量、使用膜过滤技术去除沼液中虫卵对于稳定获得高产率的螺旋藻非常必要.     

低温下氨氮对淡水浮游藻生长及群落结构影响的生态模拟研究

为了探讨春季藻类快速生长的机制,研究较低温度下氨氮对淡水浮游藻类生长及群落结构变化的影响,对南开大学新开湖水体藻类进行了室内生态模拟试验研究.在10℃、125μmol·m·s-1光强条件下,培养液中氨氮最终浓度设置为1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0mg·L-1和对照组(不添加氨氮),每隔1～2天加入氨氮至初始设定值,培养时间为26d.结果表明,浮游藻类在1.0mg·L-1组生长最好,最大生长密度为1.53×105cells·L-1,高于对照组;浮游藻类在高于2.0mg·L-1处理组中生长明显受到抑制,抑制作用随着氨氮浓度的增大而增大,其中3.0mg·L-1处理组的最大生物量仅为5.4×104cells·L-1.随着培养时间的进行硅藻逐渐取代绿藻而成为绝对优势藻,随着藻类的生长,粗刺四刺藻(Treubaria crassispina)在所有处理组中由优势种而逐渐消失,近缘针杆藻(Saffinis affinis)和新月藻(Closterium lunula)在培养后期逐渐成为优势种,但在不同氨氮浓度下表现出不同生长密度.除1.0mg·L-1处理组外,其它处理组中的物种多样性指数差异不显著(p>0.05).氨氮影响浮游藻类的生长,影响优势种的变化,并且对浮游藻类的群落结构变化有一定的影响.     

持续淹水和干湿交替预培养对2种水稻土中Cd形态分配及高丹草Cd吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了前期持续淹水和干湿交替预培养对2种水稻土———太湖地区黄泥土、江西鹰潭红壤性水稻土中外源Cd形态分配及高丹草吸收Cd的影响.结果表明,在5mg·kg^-1和10mg·kg^-1外源Cd处理下,与干湿交替预培养比较,持续淹水预培养后黄泥土中MgCl₂提取态Cd分别由21.8%、28.5%下降为8.0%、16.9%,而NH₂OH.HCl提取态Cd由17.7%、17.3%升高为28.1%、37.5%;红壤性水稻土NaAc提取态Cd由20.8%、29.6%下降为11.6%、12.6%.回归分析表明,MgCl₂提取态Cd与高丹草Cd吸收量呈显著负相关关系.长期淹水预培养显著降低高丹草对黄泥土Cd的吸收.     

Assessment on the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus of Beijing surface water based on GIS system and multivariate statistical approaches

This paper presented the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Beijing surface water during the survey. A significant difference was found out in concentration distribution of various parameters of nitrogen and phosphorus. Most water bodies in five water systems were polluted by total nitrogen with the content even up to 120 mg/L which was higher than exceeded the fifth class standard of national surface water quality standard GB3838-2002 except for several segments of Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe. Ammonia and phosphorus showed a similar tendency of distribution with higher content in Daqinghe, Beiyunhe and Jiyunhe water systems, but with relatively low concentrations in Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe water systems. Meanwhile, nitrate was found at comparatively low content (mostly less than 10 mg/L) and could fit for corresponding water quality requirements. Totally, the water quality of Daqinghe, Jiyunhe and Beiyunhe river systems as well as the lower reaches of Yongdinghe and Chaobaihe was contaminated seriously with high content of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Through multivariate statistical approaches, it can be concluded that total nitrogen, ammonia and total phosphorus was highly correlated to chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity,which explained the same pollution source from anthropogenic activities.     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

覆盖处理对猪粪秸秆堆肥中氮素转化和堆肥质量的影响

为了探讨覆盖措施对堆肥化中氮素转化与堆肥质量的影响,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥箱中,模拟研究了覆盖腐熟堆肥后,下层猪粪秸秆堆肥及覆盖层中氮素形态和其他腐熟度指标的变化.结果表明:覆盖处理降低了下层堆肥中的含水率、种子发芽指数(GI值)、升温期和高温期的pH值,增大了降温期后的堆肥电导率EC值,而对堆温影响不大.覆盖处理未改变堆制初期下层堆肥中氨气的释放总量,只延缓了氨气的释放时间,但明显增加了降温期后堆肥中硝态氮和有机氮的含量.在堆制期间,覆盖处理的下层堆肥中硝态氮、有机氮、总氮和总磷含量的增幅分别比对照高66.7％、33.8％、32.7％和138.6％;而有机碳降解率、铵态氮和腐殖质含量的降幅则分别比对照低1.1％、8.0％和3.7％.覆盖层中pH值、铵态氮和硝态氮含量的变化说明腐熟堆肥能够吸收下层堆肥释放的氨气并进行硝化作用;覆盖层的腐熟堆肥总体上进行了矿化作用,从而影响了下层堆肥的氮素转化过程及质量.