Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area

Abstract: The links between species–environment relations and species’ responses to protection are unclear, but the objectives of marine protected areas (MPAs) are most likely to be achieved when those relations are known and inform MPA design. The components of a species’ habitat vary with the spatial resolution of the area considered. We characterized areas at two resolutions: 250 m² (transect) and approximately 30,000 m² (seascape). We considered three categories of environmental variables: substrate type, bottom complexity, and depth. We sought to determine at which resolution habitat characteristics were a better predictor of abundance and species composition of fishes and whether the relations with environmental variables at either resolution affected species’ responses to protection. Habitat features accounted for a larger proportion of spatial variation in species composition and abundances than differences in protection status. This spatial variation was explained best by habitat characteristics at the seascape level than at the transect level. Species’ responses to protected areas were specific to particular seascape characteristics, primarily depth, and bottom complexity. Our method may be useful for prioritizing marine areas for protection, designing MPAs, and monitoring their effectiveness. It identified areas that provided natural shelter, areas acting as buffer zones, and areas where fish species were most responsive to protection. The identification of such areas is necessary for cost‐effective establishment and monitoring of MPAs.     

Effectiveness of Scat‐Detection Dogs in Determining Species Presence in a Tropical Savanna Landscape

Abstract: Most protected areas are too small to sustain populations of wide‐ranging mammals; thus, identification and conservation of high‐quality habitat for those animals outside parks is often a high priority, particularly for regions where extensive land conversion is occurring. This is the case in the vicinity of Emas National Park, a small protected area in the Brazilian Cerrado. Over the last 40 years the native vegetation surrounding the park has been converted to agriculture, but the region still supports virtually all of the animals native to the area. We determined the effectiveness of scat‐detection dogs in detecting presence of five species of mammals threatened with extinction by habitat loss: maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), puma (Puma concolor), jaguar (Panthera onca), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), and giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus). The probability of scat detection varied among the five species and among survey quadrats of different size, but was consistent across team, season, and year. The probability of occurrence, determined from the presence of scat, in a randomly selected site within the study area ranged from 0.14 for jaguars, which occur primarily in the forested areas of the park, to 0.91 for maned wolves, the most widely distributed species in our study area. Most occurrences of giant armadillos in the park were in open grasslands, but in the agricultural matrix they tended to occur in riparian woodlands. At least one target species occurred in every survey quadrat, and giant armadillos, jaguars, and maned wolves were more likely to be present in quadrats located inside than outside the park. The effort required for detection of scats was highest for the two felids. We were able to detect the presence for each of five wide‐ranging species inside and outside the park and to assign occurrence probabilities to specific survey sites. Thus, scat dogs provide an effective survey tool for rare species even when accurate detection likelihoods are required. We believe the way we used scat‐detection dogs to determine the presence of species can be applied to the detection of other mammalian species in other ecosystems.     

海洋环境下ZL115-T5铸铝合金/C41500海军黄铜腐蚀行为研究

目的研究海军某型装备壳体结构材料在海洋环境下的腐蚀行为及规律。方法根据折算出的实验室加速腐蚀试验环境谱,开展了ZL115-T5铸铝合金试验件、ZL115-T5铸铝合金/C41500海军黄铜接触试验件、模拟实际涂抹黄油试验件以及模拟维护涂抹缓蚀剂试验件的实验室加速腐蚀试验。结果得到了该型铝合金在不同服役年限及服役状态下的腐蚀形貌、质量、平均腐蚀深度以及腐蚀损伤度变化规律。结论该型合金在不同服役状态下的腐蚀行为呈现差异化,ZL115-T5铸铝合金与C41500海军黄铜偶合接触会加速铸铝合金的腐蚀,黄油能够在一定程度上抑制电偶腐蚀,但效果并不明显。缓蚀剂能够延缓海洋环境下ZL115-T5铸铝合金腐蚀,其中THFS-10软膜缓蚀剂以及THFS-15长效硬膜缓蚀剂效果较好。     

热带海洋大气环境下X70管线钢的缝隙腐蚀行为研究

目的研究X70管线钢在热带海洋大气实海环境下的缝隙腐蚀行为。方法在距离湛江东海岛海岸50m和200 m处分别搭建楔型缝隙模型,安装大气环境Cl-收集装置和自动气象监测站。结果距离海岸越近,风速越大,大气中Cl-沉降速率也越大,X70管线钢缝隙腐蚀越严重。X70管线钢在距离海岸50 m处发生缝隙腐蚀的最大缝宽约为0.96 mm,200 m处最大缝宽约为3.75 mm,50 m处缝隙腐蚀更严重。结论缝隙腐蚀区域形成了氧浓差电池,同时随着缝隙液中Cl-向缝隙内迁移,发生闭塞区电池自催化过程,在二者共同作用下,缝隙腐蚀区域较非缝隙腐蚀区域腐蚀更严重。     

浅析舰载武器海洋环境适应性验证要求

基于舰载武器随航母服役寿命期海洋环境特点,从标准选用和剪裁的角度对其环境适应性试验验证要求进行了分析。综合考虑舰载武器所面临的气候环境和机械环境,全面提出了舰载武器海洋环境适应性验证要求的一些建议。由于目前我国对舰载导弹海洋环境研究尚不充分,依据标准也大多是国外不同渠道引进的,尚有不一致之处,标准剪裁是否合理有待商榷。同时,还指出了需要进一步研究的关键技术问题,以为更合理提出海洋环境适应性验证要求提供支撑。     

海水生物滤器氨氮沿程转化规律模型

生物滤器是海水循环水养殖系统中的核心水处理单元,其主要用于去除对养殖生物有害的氨氮、有机物等.本研究基于吸附原理和一级反应生物膜理论构建了氨氮在生物滤器中沿程转化规律的数学模型,并通过实验加以验证.实验所用生物滤器采用竹制空心生化球填料,装填高度为70 cm,在pH为7.1～7.6,DO为5～7 mg.L-1,气水比20∶1左右,有机负荷约为4g.(m3.h)-1,水力停留时间(HRT)为1 h条件下,生物滤器中氨氮的去除主要发生在填料高度0～10 cm处,10～70 cm处氨氮去除量很少.进水氨氮质量浓度的增大和水力停留时间的降低都会导致出水氨氮质量浓度增大.此外,模型对进水氨氮质量浓度较低时的沿程出水氨氮质量浓度具有很好的预测效果;当进水氨氮质量浓度较高时,预测值略低于实际结果.     

钦州湾生态系统健康主要存在问题及保护对策

近年来,海洋生态系统健康受到了社会的不断关注。本文基于钦州湾海洋生态系统健康评价的结果,利用近几年的数据资料,筛选出该海湾海洋生态系统健康存在的主要问题。从筛选结果来看,近年来钦州湾海洋生态系统所受的环境压力较大,生态系统出现了组织结构变简单、活力降低、出现病态症状等主要问题。为了进一步提高钦州湾生态系统健康状态,本文从流域整治、污染减排、减少扰动、生态建设、加强管理等方面提出保护和修复建议。     

海洋生态经济协调发展研究综述

随着海洋资源开发的规模化推进,海洋经济快速增长,海洋自然生态系统急剧衰退,海洋生态经济矛盾日益尖锐,海洋生态经济协调发展研究已成为近年来海洋生态学、海洋经济学以及生态经济学研究领域的热点和难点问题。本文从海洋生态经济的价值贡献、问题危机、安全评估、关系模型、综合管理等5个方面回顾分析了国内外有关海洋生态经济协调发展研究的进展情况,发现与陆域生态经济协调发展研究相比,海洋生态经济协调发展研究无论在理论构建还是方法创新上都存在滞后性。     

浅析中国东海区海洋倾废管理现状与对策

实现对海洋倾废科学有效管理是保护海洋环境及海洋资源的一项重要内容和主要任务。东海是我国海洋生产力最大的海区,近年来,随着海洋经济和沿海区域经济的发展,向海上倾倒废弃物的数量和规模不断增加,在实际倾倒过程中出现了倾倒区选划利用不合理、违规倾倒和执法监管不力等问题,影响东海海洋生态环境平衡与可持续发展。因此,文章在对东海区海洋倾废活动现状进行全面客观梳理的基础上,就主要存在的问题进行实证分析,结合东海区海洋倾倒的实际需求,为实现合理有效的管理提出对策。     

CO2捕集与封存研究进展及其在我国的发展前景

碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术已被广泛地认为是一种潜力巨大、可供选择的CO2减排手段。据预测,其减排贡献将从2020年占总减排量的3%上升至2030年的10%,并在2050年将达到20%左右,成为CO2减排份额最大的单项技术。本文介绍了CCS的主要技术环节(捕集、运输、封存)、封存地类型和目前国际上开展的主要CCS示范项目及发展趋势。同时特别探讨了海底封存CO2的可行性、封存潜力以及我国在海底封存CO2方面的研究进展和发展前景。