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911.
Katherine E. Moseby Hugh McGregor Brydie M. Hill John L. Read 《Conservation biology》2020,34(1):220-231
Spillover effects are an expansion of conservation benefits beyond protected areas through dispersal of species that reside within. They have been well documented in marine but not terrestrial systems. To understand the effects on wildlife created by conservation fences, we explored the internal and external gradients of activity in mammal, reptile, and bird species at a conservation reserve in arid Australia that is fenced to exclude invasive rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), cats (Felis catus), and foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Two methods were used: counts of animal tracks along transects on sand dunes and captures at pitfall-trapping sites. In both cases, sites were spaced at different distances from the reserve fenceline inside and outside the reserve. We recorded a range of spillover, source-sink, step, and barrier effects that combined to create a zone within and around the reserve with fence-induced species-specific wildlife gradients. Two endemic rodents but none of the 4 mammal species reintroduced to the reserve showed positive spillover effects. Barrier effects, where activity was highest close to the fence, were recorded for the feral cat and native bettong (Bettongia lesueur), species that could not breach the fence. In comparison, some reptiles and native mammal species that could permeate the fence displayed source-sink effects; that is, their activity levels were reduced close to the fence likely due to constant emigration to the side with lower density. Activity of some reptiles was lowest at sites inside the reserve and gradually increased at outside sites with distance from the fence, a gradient likely related to trophic cascades triggered by predator exclusion. Our result shows that fenced reserves can create overlapping layers of species-specific gradients related to each species’ ability to permeate the fence and its varying susceptibility to threats. Managers should be aware that these gradients may extend for several kilometers either side of the fence and that not all contained species will increase in abundance. Creating wider conservation benefits may require increased fence permeability and threat reduction outside the fence. 相似文献
912.
Ariel G. Spanowicz Fernanda Zimmermann Teixeira Jochen A. G. Jaeger 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1210-1220
Mortality of animals on roads is a critical threat to many wildlife populations and is poised to increase strongly because of ongoing and planned road construction. If these new roads cannot be avoided, effective mitigation measures will be necessary to stop biodiversity decline. Fencing along roads effectively reduces roadkill and is often used in combination with wildlife passages. Because fencing the entire road is not always possible due to financial constraints, high-frequency roadkill areas are often identified to inform the placement of fencing. We devised an adaptive fence-implementation plan to prioritize road sections for fencing. In this framework, areas along roads of high, moderate, and low levels of animal mortality (respectively, roadkill hotspots, warmspots, and coldspots) are identified at multiple scales (i.e., in circles of different diameters [200–2000 m] in which mortality frequency is measured). Fence deployment is based on the relationship between the amount of fencing being added to the road, starting with the strongest roadkill hotspots, and potential reduction in road mortality (displayed in mortality-reduction graphs). We applied our approach to empirical and simulated spatial patterns of wildlife–vehicle collisions. The scale used for analysis affected the number and spatial extent of roadkill hot-, warm-, and coldspots. At fine scales (e.g., 200 m), more hotspots were identified than at coarse scales (e.g., 2000 m), but combined the fine-scale hotspots covered less road and less fencing was needed to reduce road mortality. However, many short fences may be less effective in practice due to a fence-end effect (i.e., animals moving around the fence more easily), resulting in a trade-off between few long and many short fences, which we call the FLOMS (few-long-or-many-short) fences trade-off. Thresholds in the mortality-reduction graphs occurred for some roadkill patterns, but not for others. Thresholds may be useful to consider when determining road-mitigation targets. The existence of thresholds at multiple scales and the FLOMS trade-off have important implications for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
913.
914.
915.
济南市大气燃煤污染诊断 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据对济南市大气环境质量的分析,通过多源数值模式的模拟试验,导出不同污染源类型对污染物浓度的贡献率,作出大气SO2污染来源分析,得出如下结果:济南市SO2浓度空间分布表现为2个高中心的特点,主要由中架源与低矮源共同作用造成的;低矮源与中架源SO2排放量之和约占排放总量的1/3,对SO2浓度贡献之和占主要地位;高架源污染物排放量大,但对整个研究区域的质量浓度贡献较小,如果考虑城市污染对周边的影响,高大的污染源应引以重视;防治和规划济南市SO2污染最主要的是对中架源和低矮源加以控制. 相似文献
916.
917.
21世纪源排放与大气CO2体积分数预测 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
简要介绍了IPCC在2000年3月正式公布的21世纪温室气体排放方案,利用一维全球碳循环模式及7种代表性方案对21世纪的大气CO2体积分数进行预测.研究发现:21世纪,大气CO2体积分数增长速率将高于20世纪,化石燃料源仍然是引起大气CO2体积分数增长的主要原因;如果化石燃料仍为主要能源且它的碳排放量逐年增加,大气的碳吸收比例将不断升高,21世纪末大气CO2体积分数可能超过1 000×10-6;只有积极开发新能源,使化石燃料源源强逐年减小,才有可能使大气的碳吸收比例下降,若进一步改善土地利用状况,21世纪末大气CO2体积分数有望出现下降趋势. 相似文献
918.
研究了1(4硝基苯基)3(5溴吡啶)三氮烯(NPBPDT)的合成及其与汞的显色反应。在TX100存在下,pH值为11.5的Na2B4O7NaOH缓冲溶液中,该试剂能与汞发生显色反应,汞与NPBPDT形成摩尔比为1∶2型的黄色配合物,在440nm处有一最大正吸收峰,在535nm处有一最大负吸收。以440nm为参比波长,535nm为测量波长进行双波长测定,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.80×105Lmol·cm,汞的浓度在0~12μg25mL范围内符合比尔定律。用拟定方法测定废水中的微量汞,有较高的准确度和精密度。 相似文献
919.
阳离子絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)的合成及其对活性染料废水的絮凝脱色 总被引:8,自引:4,他引:4
以K2S2O8-脲为引发剂,通过自由基聚合法合成了丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵P(AM—DMC)絮凝剂,并研究了其对4种活性染料模拟废水的脱色效果,考察了P(AM—DMC)加入量、阳离子度、特性粘数、染料溶液pH等因素对脱色效果的影响。实验结果表明:最佳P(AM—DMC)加入量随染料分子中磺酸基数目的增加而增加,随絮凝剂阳离子度的增大而减少;阳离子度大于52%时,最高脱色率基本相同;特性粘数对脱色效果影响很小;在染料溶液为弱酸性及中性条件下,P(AM—DMC)的脱色效果较好。P(AM—DMC)对活性染料废水的脱色机理是,P(AM—DMC)中的-N^+(CH3)3与染料分子中的-SO3^-结合,生成-N^+(CH3)3SO3^-,同时也形成了分子间氢键,通过键合作用使染料分子聚集沉降。 相似文献
920.