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John M. Quinn Paul M. Brown Wendy Boyce Sarah Mackay Andrew Taylor Tony Fenton 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(6):1509-1515
ABSTRACT: Riparian zones perform a variety of biophysical functions that can be managed to reduce the effects of land use on instream habitat and water quality. However, the functions and human uses of riparian zones vary with biophysical factors such as landform, vegetation, and position along the stream continuum. These variations mean that “one size fits all” approaches to riparian management can be ineffective for reducing land use impacts. Thus riparian management planning at the watershed scale requires a framework that can consider spatial differences in riparian functions and human uses We describe a pilot riparian zone classification developed to provide such a framework for riparian management in two diverse river systems in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Ten classes of riparian zones were identified that differed sufficiently in their biophysical features to require different management. Generic “first steps” and “best practical” riparian management recommendations and associated costs were developed for each riparian class. The classification aims to not only improve our understanding of the effectiveness of riparian zone management as a watershed management tool among water managers and land owners, but to also provide a basis for deciding on management actions. 相似文献
924.
对煤粉锅炉掺烧石油焦的污染物排放特性作了较详细的研究.煤焦粉的细度对燃烧性能影响很大,因而间接地影响NOx,SO2排放;煤焦掺混比以及煤、焦各自的含氮、硫量对NOx,SO2排放影响明显;烟气中SO2的浓度随过量空气系数α的增大而减少,过量空气系数α在1.3~1.4之间时,烟气中NOx的浓度最高.现场调试结果与实验室试验结果基本一致.实际应用中应综合考虑煤焦粉细度、煤焦掺混比以及煤焦中含氮、硫量对其燃烧特性以及NOx,SO2排放的影响,以确定合适的细度及煤焦掺混比投入生产运行中. 相似文献
926.
MATTHEW D. VENESKY JOSEPH R. MENDELSON III BRITTANY F. SEARS PETER STILING JASON R. ROHR 《Conservation biology》2012,26(4):586-592
Abstract: Some species have insufficient defenses against climate change, emerging infectious diseases, and non‐native species because they have not been exposed to these factors over their evolutionary history, and this can decrease their likelihood of persistence. Captive breeding programs are sometimes used to reintroduce individuals back into the wild; however, successful captive breeding and reintroduction can be difficult because species or populations often cannot coexist with non‐native pathogens and herbivores without artificial selection. In captive breeding programs, breeders can select for host defenses that prevent or reduce pathogen or herbivore burden (i.e., resistance) or traits that limit the effects of parasitism or herbivory on host fitness (i.e., tolerance). We propose that selection for host tolerance may enhance the success of reintroduction or translocation because tolerant hosts generally have neutral effects on introduced pathogens and herbivores. The release of resistant hosts would have detrimental effects on their natural enemies, promoting rapid evolution to circumvent the host resistance that may reduce the long‐term probability of persistence of the reintroduced or translocated species. We examined 2 case studies, one on the pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus ( Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]) and the other on the herbivorous cactus moth ( Cactoblastis cactorum) in the United States, where it is not native. In each case study, we provide recommendations for how captive breeders and managers could go about selecting for host tolerance. Selecting for tolerance may offer a promising tool to rescue hosts species from invasive natural enemies as well as new natural enemies associated with climate change‐induced range shifts. 相似文献
927.
ERIC A. VANDERWERF 《Conservation biology》2012,26(5):905-911
Abstract: The majority of bird extinctions since 1800 have occurred on islands, and non‐native predators have been the greatest threat to the persistence of island birds. Island endemic species often lack life‐history traits and behaviors that reduce the probability of predation and they can become evolutionarily trapped if they are unable to adapt, but few studies have examined the ability of island species to respond to novel predators. The greatest threat to the persistence of the Oahu Elepaio (Chasiempis ibidis), an endangered Hawaiian forest bird, is nest predation by non‐native black rats (Rattus rattus). I examined whether Oahu Elepaio nest placement has changed at the individual and population levels in response to rat predation by measuring nest height and determining whether each nest produced offspring from 1996 to 2011. Average height of Oahu Elepaio nests increased 50% over this 16‐year period, from 7.9 m (SE 1.7) to 12.0 m (SE 1.1). There was no net change in height of sequential nests made by individual birds, which means individual elepaios have not learned to place nests higher. Nests ≤3 m off the ground produced offspring less often, and the proportion of such nests declined over time, which suggests that nest‐building behavior has evolved through natural selection by predation. Nest success increased over time, which may increase the probability of long‐term persistence of the species. Rat control may facilitate the evolution of nesting height by slowing the rate of population decline and providing time for this adaptive response to spread through the population. 相似文献
928.
对贵溪冶炼厂炼铜闪速炉排烟系统用电收尘器的大修和改造进行了详细的论述,并总结出了一套适合本厂电收尘器大修的经验。 相似文献
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930.
本文对对酞内酰胺基苯甲酰氯的合成方法进行了研究,改进了溶剂的预处理方法,有效地消除了其中的有害杂质。 相似文献