滇池汛期超限制水位调控的实践与研究

基于对滇池海口闸水资源管理多年的工作实践，深入分析了滇池存在的蓄泄矛盾，结合滇池实际情况，提出合理调控滇池汛限水位，探索可持续发展的水资源管理策略。     

Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) Activity in Dab (Limanda limanda) as Biomarker for Marine Monitoring (6 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is a well-accepted marker for biological effects in fish and is, therefore, part of numerous monitoring programmes. EROD activity was measured in livers of dab (Limanda limanda) from the German Bight (North Sea) from 1995 to 2003. The aim of the present long-term study was (a) time trend monitoring of EROD activity of dab from the German Bight and (b) to elucidate the needs for a successful application of EROD activity as an early warning system. Methods. EROD activities were determined fluorimetrically in dab liver microsomes, using resorufin as an external standard. The limit of detection (LD) and the limit of quantification (LQ) were calculated. Results were referred to protein concentrations. Results and Discussion. EROD activities of 610 female dab caught in different seasons between January 1995 and August 2003 were analyzed individually. Activities varied from 〈 LD to 1768 pmol/(min mg protein) and showed an annual cycle as well as significant differences between the years. Highest EROD activities were observed in early summer and lowest activities during the winter period. In autumn 2002, significantly elevated EROD activities were detected, possibly related to effects of the River Elbe flood event. Two scenarios with different EROD baseline data are presented to discuss the prerequisites for the use of EROD as a monitoring tool. The comparison of these scenarios underlines the importance of appropriate season-specific baseline data. Conclusion. The use of EROD as an early warning tool for contaminant effects in dab in the German Bight has different prospects during the year, because, due to the high background variability, elevated EROD activities are less easy to detect in spring/summer than during the remaining times of the year. Recommendation and Outlook. The availability of site-specific data on the EROD baseline level, its random variation and its annual cycle is a necessary prerequisite for monitoring. If monitoring is to be carried out only for a limited time period of the year, a season with low background variability in EROD activity (autumn) should be chosen to avoid the need for a compensation of the temperature-triggered shift in sexual cycles and the resulting changes in EROD activity.     

Effects of Weed-Management Burning on Reptile Assemblages in Australian Tropical Savannas

Abstract: Fire is frequently used for land management purposes and may be crucial for effective control of invasive non‐native plants. Nevertheless, fire modifies environments and may affect nontarget native biodiversity, which can cause conflicts for conservation managers. Native Australian reptiles avoid habitat invaded by the alien plant rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) and may be susceptible to the impacts of burning, a situation that provides a model system in which to examine possible conservation trade‐offs between managing invasive plants and maintaining native biodiversity. We used replicated, experimental fire treatments (unburned, dry‐season burned, and wet‐season burned) in 2 habitats (riparian and adjacent open woodland) to examine the short‐ (within 12 months of fire) and longer‐term (within 3 years of fire) changes of reptile assemblages in response to wet‐ and dry‐season burning for weed management in tropical savannas of northern Australia. Within 12 months of fire, abundances of the skink Carlia munda (Scincidae) were higher in the burned sites, but overall reptile composition was structured by habitat type rather than by effects of burning. Within 3 years of a fire, the effects of fire were evident. Reptiles, especially the gecko Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae), were least abundant in dry‐season burned sites; litter‐associated species, including Carlia pectoralis (Scincidae), were rarely observed in burned habitat; and there were fewer species in the wet‐season burned sites. Reptile abundance was associated with vegetation structure, which suggests that fire‐induced changes detrimentally altered the availability of resources for some reptiles, particularly leaf‐litter species. Invasive alien plants, such as rubber vine, have severe effects on native biodiversity, and control of such species is a fundamental land management objective. Nevertheless, fire management of invasive alien plants may adversely affect native biodiversity, creating a conservation conundrum. In such scenarios, land managers will need to identify the most desired conservation goal and consider the consequences for native biota.     

盐胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草生长的影响

冷季型草坪草在不同盐离子含量的胁迫下生长,其各项生理指标都会发生相应的变化,这些变化可以反应出不同草坪草抗逆性的强弱.本实验所用的品种为早熟禾P.Pratensis L.、黑麦草L.Perenne L.、高羊茅F.Arundinacea Schreb..3种草均为冷季型草坪草.将氯化钠溶液设为5个处理,其质量分数分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和一个对照,每个处理3次重复.将处理后3种草坪草的种子,播于营养钵中,实验室内培养.每日浇灌相对应的盐溶液,浇灌量为约2/3的溶液流出.待幼苗长到5～7 cm时,进行测定.在盐胁迫条件下,通过对黑麦草、高羊茅、早熟禾的发芽率、POD酶活性、质膜相对电导率等生理指标测定的研究,结果表明黑麦草抗盐性较强,早熟禾的耐盐性较弱.为在盐碱地上种植草坪提供了参考依据.     

黑龙江省气候变化对粮食生产的影响

收集1986~2000年黑龙江省79个县市农业生产资料和30个气象台站逐日气温、降水资料,应用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数方法将粮食产量分解为气候产量和经济产量,然后用EOF方法分析了粮食产量、气候影响程度指数、≥10℃积温、生长季降水的时空变化特征及其关系。结果表明:15年间全省粮食产量稳步增加,气候变暖趋势明显但降水变化不显著,变暖对粮食生产有利,降水的变化未对粮食产量产生实质影响。15年间气候影响程度总体增大,但气候变化及其影响具有时空差异性:1986~1993年北部和西南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加大于东北部和东南部;1993~2000年东北部和东南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加超过北部和西南部。     

长江地面水丰水期高锰酸盐指数监测分析的一点改进

长江地面水在产水期呈黄色浑浊状态。按GB11892 -89进行高锰酸盐指数分析。滴定时 ,由于受剩余悬浮物的干挠 ,水样呈浅黄色。因而滴定终点微红色极难判断。通过本文描述方法改进后 ,滴定时样品为无色滤液。滴定终点微红色非常明显。提高了滴定分析的准确度。     

地形和季节变化对有机氯农药分布特征的影响——以四川省成都经济区为例

在成都经济区典型地貌单元（平原区和丘陵区）采集春季和秋季样品,共计52件农作物样品和100件土壤样品,通过美国EPA8080A方法测试样品中有机氯农药含量,以研究不同地貌单元不同季节有机氯农药污染分布特征。结果表明：土壤中DDT含量高于HCH含量;平原区绵竹市土壤中有机氯农药含量高于丘陵区盐亭县土壤有机氯农药含量;在平原区的绵竹市,秋季采集的土壤中有机氯农药含量高于春季样品中有机氯农药含量;在丘陵区的盐亭县,春季采集的土壤有机氯农药含量高于秋季样品中含量。农作物中有机氯农药的检出率较高,各种作物浓度均未超标,但对人们健康具有潜在危害。油脂含量高的粮食作物中有机氯农药含量高于叶类蔬菜和果实类蔬菜中有机氯农药的含量。地貌类型、土壤有机质含量以及有机氯农药施用是造成两个地区春、秋季土壤含量特征不同的主要原因,而植物的吸收方式、OCP的物理化学性质是影响农作物中OCP含量不同的主要因素.     

Shift of Spawning Season and Effects of Climate Warming on Developmental Stages of a Grayling (Salmonidae)

Abstract: River‐dwelling fish, such as European graylings (Thymallus thymallus), are susceptible to changes in climate because they can often not avoid suboptimal temperatures, especially during early developmental stages. We analyzed data collected in a 62‐year‐long (1948–2009) population monitoring program. Male and female graylings were sampled about three times/week during the yearly spawning season in order to follow the development of the population. The occurrence of females bearing ripe eggs was used to approximate the timing of each spawning season. In the last years of the study, spawning season was more than 3 weeks earlier than in the first years. This shift was linked to increasing water temperatures as recorded over the last 39 years with a temperature logger at the spawning site. In early spring water temperatures rose more slowly than in later spring. Thus, embryos and larvae were exposed to increasingly colder water at a stage that is critical for sex determination and pathogen resistance in other salmonids. In summer, however, fry were exposed to increasingly warmer temperatures. The changes in water temperatures that we found embryos, larvae, and fry were exposed to could be contributing to the decline in abundance that has occurred over the last 30–40 years.     

季节变化对贵阳市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的影响

为揭示季节变化对城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属含量的影响,分别于2010年7月和2011年2月在贵阳市城区采集对应灰尘样品,从整个城区和不同功能区两个尺度分析季节变化对地表灰尘重金属分布的影响.结果表明,季节变化对贵阳市地表灰尘重金属含量影响最大的元素是Pb和As;冬季灰尘中的As和Pb含量显著高于夏季,元素更易在细粒级灰尘中富集;受季节变化影响较大的功能区是城市广场和校园,其次是住宅区.夏-冬两季地表灰尘重金属粒级效应差异最大的元素是As和Pb,差异较大的功能区是城市广场、校园,最小的是商贸区.铅同位素比值分析表明贵阳市地表灰尘Pb与柴油尾气尘、油漆碎片和土壤有关.夏季降雨、冬季燃煤和夏冬两季温差等因素可能对贵阳市地表灰尘As和Pb含量季节变化有一定影响.     

内蒙古草地生长季植被变化对气候因子的响应

基于MODIS NDVI数据,研究分析了2000-2010年内蒙古典型草原、草甸草原和荒漠草原生长季NDVI时空变化趋势,探讨不同类型草地生长季NDVI对温度、降水的响应。结果表明,内蒙古草地生长季NDVI整体年增长速率为0.735%,典型草原最为明显,年增长率达到1.063%;但是仍有31.807%的草地NDVI呈现下降趋势,其中典型草原、草甸草原和荒漠草原分别有8.664×10⁴、6.814×10⁴、2.841×10⁴ km²。除东北部草甸草原外,大部分草地生长季NDVI与降水量的相关性高于温度;草地生长季NDVI与温度和降水的相关系数均呈现出草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原的变化规律。内蒙古草地植被变化对温度和降水的响应具有滞后作用,且具有明显的经度地带性和纬度地带性特征,其滞后时间随着经度和纬度的增加逐渐减少。