Effect of El Nĩno on demographic,morphological, and chemical parameters in turtle-grass (Thalassia testudinum): an unexpected test of indicators

We examined the response of demographic, morphological, and chemical parameters of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum), to much-higher-than-normal rainfall associated with an El Niño event in the winter of 1997–1998. Up to 20 inches of added rain fell between December 1997 and March 1998, triggering widespread and persistent phytoplankton blooms along the west coast of Florida. Water-column chlorophyll concentrations estimated from serial SeaWiFS imagery were much higher during the El Niño event than in the previous or following years, although the timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms varied among sites. Seagrass samples collected in 1997, 1998, and 1999 provided an excellent opportunity to test the responsiveness of Thalassia to decline and subsequent improvement of water quality and clarity in four estuaries. Using a scoring technique based on temporal responsiveness, spatial consistency, and statistical strength of indicators, we found that several morphological parameters (Thalassia shoot density, blade width, blade number, and shoot-specific leaf area) were responsive and consistent measures of light stress. Some morphological parameters, such as rhizome apex density, responded to declines and subsequent improvement in water clarity, but lacked the statistical discriminating power necessary to be useful indicators. However, rhizome sugar, starch, and the total carbohydrate concentrations also exhibited spatially and temporally consistent variation as well as statistical strength. Because changes in shoot density, as well as water clarity, affect rhizome carbohydrate levels, a composite metric based on Thalassia shoot density and rhizome carbohydrate levels together is probably more useful than either parameter alone as an indicator of seagrass health.     

Effect of adding Lactobacillus plantarum and soluble carbohydrates to swine manure on odorous compounds, chemical composition and indigenous flora

Manure odor, which results in the increasing complaints and lawsuits, has increased the tension among swine producers and surrounding residents. The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and different rates of soluble carbohydrates additions to swine manure on odorous compounds, chemical compounds and indigenous flora were evaluated. Additions were calculated on dried manure weight basis. Variables monitored included ammonia （NH3）, hydrogen sulfide （H2S）, odor offensiveness, pH, ammonium nitrogen（NH4^＋-N）, volatile fatty acids （VFAs）, urease and indigenous flora. The results indicated that the combination of L. plantarum and soluble carbohydrates dramatically reduced manure pH. Lower pH resulted in the reduction of NH3 volatilization （34.6%-92.4%, P〈0.01）, the increases of H2S （P〈 0.05） and NH4^＋-N （5.3%-17.5%, P〈0.05）. In addition, L. plantarum and soluble carbohydrates additions significantly reduced odor offensiveness, those VFAs related to malodor indicators（valeric acids, 12.3%-47.7%, P〈 0.05; iso-valeric, 3.5%-23.8%） and the main microorganisms responsible for odor production, with the number of Eubacteria in swine manure reducing by 4.9%, 11.6%, 17.4%, 34.1% and 32.2% respectively.     

进水中碳水化合物分子大小对污泥沉降性能的影响

为弄清楚碳水化合物分子大小和污泥沉降性能之间的影响关系,在3个序批式系统中,分别以颗粒型淀粉、溶解型淀粉和葡萄糖为碳源,考察了长期运行中系统的污泥沉降性能和处理能力.结果证明:碳水化合物分子越小,活性污泥对环境的变化越敏感,当运行条件不利时越容易引发污泥膨胀问题;大分子碳源吸附于絮体内部能够提高污泥的沉降性能;糖类作碳源时,活性污泥的PHA贮存量约为0.6mmol C/L,但系统SVI仍然能够维持在150mL/g以下;胞外聚合物中多糖与蛋白质(C/P)的比值与污泥的SVI呈正相关性,SVI从100mL/g增长到600mL/g,C/P比从0.248增长到1.201;以颗粒型淀粉、溶解型淀粉和葡萄糖为碳源时,系统的优势丝状菌分别为Type 0041、M. parvicella和S. natans;进水以葡萄糖作单一碳源时,系统的除磷能力能达到80%以上.     

基于非结构模糊决策的中国药品安全管理体系研究

基于安全管理理论和中国药品管理实践,通过专家意见和社会调查,确定中国药品安全管理的要素和决策标准;运用非结构模糊决策方法确定中国药品安全管理中各重要要素的权重,从而探索中国药品安全管理体系;对体系的不同要素进行排序。研究表明:影响中国药品安全管理的主要要素有,安全交易、许可制度、药品利润率、可追溯体系、药物警戒、应急管理;决策标准是,成本、经济水平、硬件条件、从业人员素质、消费者观念;重要性排序是,可追溯体系、许可制度、药物警戒、应急管理、安全交易、药品利润率。药品安全管理体系的建立和要素排序为政府监管提供了科学依据。     

Changes in the chemical composition of water-extractable organic matter during composting: distribution between stable and labile organic matter pools

Aerobic decomposition and stabilization of organic matter during the composting of waste materials is primarily due to the biochemical transformation of water-soluble compounds in the liquid phase by the microbial biomass. For this reason water-soluble organic matter represents the most active fraction of compost, both biologically and chemically, and thus should directly reflect the biochemical alteration of organic matter. This work aims to elucidate the microbial-mediated processes responsible for the distribution of soluble organic matter between stable and labile pools with composting time. Accordingly, chemical analysis as well as UV absorption, and ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy of samples collected during the industrial composting of urban waste revealed microbial induced transformation of water-extractable organic matter over time. The chemical composition changed from labile, hydrophilic, plant-derived organic compounds in the beginning to predominately stable, hydrophobic moieties comprising lignin-derived phenols and microbially-derived carbohydrates at later stages of composting.     

Effect of the Carbohydrate Composition of feed Concentratates on Methane Emission from dairy Cows and Their Slurry

Dietary carbohydrate effects on methane emission from cows and their slurry were measured on an individual animal basis. Twelve dairy cows were fed three of six diets each (n = 6 per diet) of a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 1:1 (dry matter basis), and designed to cover the cows’ requirements. The forages consisted of maize and grass silage, and hay. Variations were exclusively accomplished in the concentrates which were either rich in lignified or non-lignified fiber, pectin, fructan, sugar or starch. To measure methane emission, cows were placed into open-circuit respiration chambers and slurry was stored for 14 weeks in 60-L barrels with slurry being intermittently connected to this system. The enteric and slurry organic matter digestibility and degradation was highest when offering Jerusalem artichoke tubers rich in fructan, while acid-detergent fiber digestibility and degradation were highest in cows and slurries with the soybean hulls diet rich in non-lignified fiber. Multiple regression analysis, based on nutrients either offered or digested, suggested that, when carbohydrate variation is done in concentrate, sugar enhances enteric methanogenesis. The methane emission from the slurry accounted for 16.0 to 21.9% of total system methane emission. Despite a high individual variation, the methane emission from the slurry showed a trend toward lower values, when the dietwas characterized by lignified fiber, a diet where enteric methane release also had been lowest. The study disproved the assumption that a lower enteric methanogenesis, associated with a higher excretion of fiber, will inevitably lead to compensatory increases in methane emission during slurry storage.     

Alternative approaches to flood mitigation: a case study of Bangladesh

Floods were by far the most damaging type of natural disasters during the 1990s, in terms of both human impacts and socio-economic losses. Vulnerability to flooding disasters around the world is almost always differentiated by the socio-economic conditions of different income groups in the disaster area. In general, the poorer the income group (or the country) the more vulnerable it is likely to be to the adverse impacts of floods. The article argues that Bangladesh is the world's most flood-prone developing country in terms of the relative socio-economic impacts of floods. While conventional flood control strategies tend to be based on structural engineering approaches—such as the construction of large-scale embankments, diversion canals and dams—this article argues that more emphasis should be given to alternative, non-structural measures. The main lesson from recent flooding disasters in Bangladesh is that, in the absence of expensive structural measures, many non-structural ones can go a long way towards reducing vulnerability to and mitigating the impacts of floods.     

太湖入湖河流溶解性有机碳来源及碳水化合物生物可利用性

以太湖流域西北部殷村港和陈东港两条入湖河流为研究对象,于2012年9月至2013年8月每月采集表层水体样品,测定了水温、叶绿素a浓度和浮游细菌丰度,并分析了溶解性有机碳DOC(dissolved organic carbon)浓度及其碳稳定同位素特征值(δ13CDOC)、紫外吸光度SUVA254(specific UV absorbance)以及溶解性碳水化合物浓度的变化规律.结果表明,殷村港和陈东港δ13CDOC变化范围为-27.03‰±0.30‰~-23.38‰±0.20‰,以外源性碳为主.浮游植物光合作用产物的释放和外源输入是河流中溶解性碳水化合物的主要来源.两条入湖河流中多糖PCHO(polysaccharides)和单糖MCHO(monosaccharides)浓度在春夏季与秋冬季具有显著差异(P0.01,n=12;P0.01,n=12).这与碳水化合物的来源及组分的可利用性有关.秋冬季藻类消亡过程中释放的PCHO在低温下不易被降解,容易堆积,因此两条入湖河流总溶解性碳水化合物TCHO(total dissolved carbohydrates)以PCHO为主;而在春夏季,随着温度升高,PCHO被微生物分解利用转化为MCHO,MCHO是TCHO中主要组分.     

中国洪涝灾害结构式与非结构式减灾措施耦合协调性研究

结构式与非结构式减灾措施是构成洪涝灾害防治体系的两个相互补充、相互促进的子系统,基于2008—2018年的面板数据,构建中国洪涝灾害结构式与非结构式减灾措施耦合协调度评价指标体系,引入耦合协调度模型测度中国洪涝灾害结构式与非结构式减灾措施建设水平以及两者间的耦合度和耦合协调度,以期进一步提升我国洪涝灾害防治体系的防灾减...     

巢湖夏季水华期间水体中溶解性碳水化合物的研究

在2010年7月巢湖蓝藻水华暴发期间,采集了11个点位的表层水样,分析了叶绿素含量﹑溶解性有机碳﹑不同形态氮磷营养盐以及各种碳水化合物的浓度.研究结果表明,巢湖营养盐浓度呈现西高东低的分布趋势,叶绿素浓度与营养盐浓度分布规律不完全一致,说明影响藻类空间分布的因素很多.硝酸盐浓度是影响溶解性有机碳的重要因素.总溶解性碳水化合物占溶解性有机碳的比例最高为26%,多糖和单糖所占比例分别为21%和6%.叶绿素浓度与溶解性有机碳,各种碳水化合物之间不具有显著相关性,说明在巢湖蓝藻水华暴发期间,除了浮游植物,陆源输入可能也是溶解性有机碳及各种碳水化合物的重要来源.