太子河流域水库建设对河流水文情势的影响

水库建设所导致的河流水文情势变化是造成河流生态系统退化的重要原因之一.在河流水文指标生态学意义分析的基础上,建立了反映基流量、断流、高流量及涨退水率等特征的指标体系,提出了各类指标的计算方法.利用太子河53 a的日流量数据,计算并分析了水库建设前后水文指标的变异,反映水库建设对河流水文情势乃至生态系统的影响.结果表明:①太子河流域水库建设改变了河流的基流过程,减少了汛期基流,增加了汛前基流;②增加了辽阳河段断流的频率和历时;③减少了汛期洪水的发生次数,增加了汛后中小型脉冲流频率和历时.太子河水库建设导致了显著的水文变化,具有负面生态效应.      

基于GA-ELM浆体管道输送临界流速预测模型研究

针对浆体管道输送临界流速预测难度大、精确度低等技术难题,提出了基于极限学习机(ELM)的临界流速预测模型,用训练集对模型进行训练,以验证集预测值的均方误差作为适应度函数,利用遗传算法(GA)对ELM模型参数进行优化,应用优化得到的ELM模型对预测集进行预测。以某矿山为例,模型参数优化结果如下:隐含层节点数L为400,输入权值ai、偏置向量bi最优组合下预测结果适应度为0.0201。采用优化的ELM模型对预测集进行预测,预测结果的最大相对误差x=3.96%,平均相对误差y=1.58%,对比BP神经网络(x=12.95%)和SVM模型(x=3.19%),表明ELM模型更加精确、高效。     

气固两相流下球阀磨损特性研究

旋塞球阀是钻柱内防喷系统中的关键设备,在气固两相流下球阀易受磨损而失效,并造成严重的井喷事故。为此,将计算流体动力学理论与冲蚀磨损理论相结合,运用FLUENT软件对球阀壁面在气固两相流下的磨损分布情况进行研究,并进一步分析了球阀结构参数对于球阀壁面磨损的影响规律。结果表明:当气固两相流流经球阀时,固体颗粒会与气流分离,并在壁面上产生三处磨损集中区;随着球阀开度的减小,球阀壁面磨损量会急剧增大,且阀球内通道壁面上的磨损集中区由块状逐步转化为带状,而球阀出口处的磨损集中区则会逐渐向下移动;球阀流道直径的减小也会使得壁面磨损量增加,但磨损集中区的分布基本不变。研究结果可为进一步优化球阀流道结构以减轻其壁面磨损提供理论依据。     

Nitrogen budget and its environmental loading in an urban ecosystem with the rapid urbanisation of China

A detailed nitrogen (N) budget has been developed for an urban ecosystem based on the method of material flow analysis. How increased human activity and urbanisation influences N cycling have also been analysed. Total N input and output in the urban ecosystem of Zhengzhou City (ZUE) was calculated at 304.8?Gg was 275.3?Gg year^?1, resulting in an N accumulation of 29.5?Gg year^?1. Industry and human life activities, which respectively accounted for 43.8% and 34.2% of total N inputs and 52.6% and 29.1% of total N outputs, were the core of N flow in the urban ecosystem. Humans activities mediated more than 98% N inputs into the ZUE, 73.2% of N was released into the atmosphere and 11.7% into hydrosphere. This very large volume of released N could contribute to regional problems. High energy consumption, insufficient wastewater treatment facility practices, and low N use efficiency are the primary causes of pollution. The major challenge ahead for the urban ecosystem is how to manage high-intensity N pollutant inputs to the urban ecosystems coupled with incomplete N cycling and removal. Based on the analysis of the N budget and loading, this study also proposes an N management strategy for the ZUE.     

Interspecific association among main plant species in the unstable slope with high-frequency debris flow北大核心CSCD

To determine the characteristics of vegetation community structure and the relationship between species in the frequent watersheds of debris flow in fragile ecological environments, based on sample survey and 2 × 2 joint table techniques, we used analysis of variance test, χ2 test, Jaccard index, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test to study the main plant species correlations in the stable zone, instable zone, and deposit zone of the unstable slope. The analysis of variance test showed that all 45 species pairs had a significant negative correlation in the stable zone and instable zone, whereas there was no significant negative correlation in the deposit zone, which showed that the species had an independent distribution trend. The results from the different tests showed that there were 1 pair, 4 pairs, and 4 pairs from the stable zone, instable zone, and deposit zone, respectively, which had significant interspecific association under the χ2 test and the ratios of positive correlation pairs to negative correlation pairs were 0.55, 0.67, and 0.67 in the stable zone, instable zone, and deposit zone, respectively. There were 8 pairs, 5 pairs, and 5 pairs from the stable zone, instable zone, and deposit zone, respectively, which had significant interspecific association from the Pearson correlation analysis test, and the ratios of positive correlation pairs to negative correlation pairs were 0.36, 0.45, and 0.45 in the stable zone, instable zone, and deposit zone, respectively. There were 10 pairs, 6 pairs, and 9 pairs from the stable zone, instable zone, and deposit zone, respectively, which had significant interspecific association from the Spearman's rank correlation analysis test and the ratios of positive correlation pairs to negative correlation pairs were 0.5, 0.55, and 0.6 in the stable zone, instable zone, and deposit zone, respectively. The three test results showed general similarities but there were some differences. Most species pairs did not reach a significant level in the three zones and the number of negatively related species was more than the number of positively related species. In brief, this loose interspecific relationship indicates that the entire plant community was not stable, and the interspecific relationships among species are susceptible to environmental interference in the ecologically fragile areas of the debris flow basin. Therefore, rational selection and configuration of species should be applied to promote community structure development and ecological environmental improvement in vegetation restoration process areas with high-frequency debris flow. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

大气细颗粒物对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

大气颗粒物对肺免疫系统有潜在毒性作用,打破免疫系统平衡,大气颗粒物成分中危害首当其冲的是大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5)),为研究大气细颗粒物引起的机体T淋巴细胞中Th1/Th2免疫失衡方向。本研究通过免疫组化实验方法检测暴露后小鼠肺组织中T淋巴细胞的表达,进一步采用流式细胞术检测大气细颗粒物气管滴注后小鼠肺脏淋巴细胞中Th1/Th2比例。暴露组小鼠肺组织免疫组化研究结果提示浸润细胞区有大量的CD4~+T细胞,中高剂量暴露组小鼠肺组织中淋巴细胞亚群Th1/Th2比例向Th1偏移。大气细颗粒物影响免疫失衡,使T淋巴细胞向Th1漂移。     

水文变异条件下潦河生态流量计算研究

气候变化和高强度人类活动改变了流域的自然水文循环过程,导致水文序列出现变异,严重影响了流域水文生态系统的稳定性.目前,基于水文变异条件下的河道内生态流量计算已成为当前变化环境下生态水文学研究的热点问题之一.以江西鄱阳湖西北部的潦河为例,采用水文时间序列变异检验方法分析径流变异性及成因,应用水文模型对水文变异后的径流进行还原,以Kolmogorov-Smirnov（K-S）、Anderson Darling（A-D）和概率点据相关系数（PPCC）3种检验法确定月径流的最优概率分布函数,进而提出水文变异条件下最适宜的潦河生态流量计算方法.结果表明:①潦河万家埠站径流在1972年发生水文变异,突变点后流域年径流增加了12%,降水量的增加和蒸发量的减少是其主要驱动要素.②采用分布式时变增益模型（DTVGM）对径流进行还原,率定期和验证期的相关系数和Nash-Sutchliffe效率系数均大于0.78,径流模拟值和实测值拟合程度较高,表明基于DTVGM进行径流还原是可行的.③基于还原后的径流,对5种概率分布函数进行拟合优度综合检验,确定逐月最优分布函数,并估算月河道生态流量.与Tennant法、最枯月平均流量法、7Q10法等方法比较,基于最优分布函数的生态流量结果更具确定性与合理性.在气候变化和人类活动引起径流变异的背景下,考虑水文变异的河道内生态需水计算方法能够更科学地体现水文变异对生态需水过程的影响,研究结果可为潦河流域水生态保护和水资源管理提供数据支撑,也可为变化环境下水资源规划和配置提供科学依据.      

弯管与盲通管冲蚀磨损对比分析研究

为了研究石油管道流向急剧改变处的冲蚀磨损问题,采用DPM模型,通过改变入口流速、颗粒质量流速、颗粒直径,对90°弯管与盲通管的流场分布及冲蚀情况进行数值模拟。结果表明:弯管与盲通管最大冲蚀速率随入口流速的增大呈指数增长,随颗粒质量流速的增大呈线性增长;在50~100 μm粒径范围内,最大冲蚀速率随粒径的增加逐渐减小,在100~300 μm粒径范围内,随粒径的增加而增大;在入口流速、颗粒质量流速、颗粒直径相同的条件下,弯管最大冲蚀速率明显高于盲通管最大冲蚀速率,盲通管的耐蚀性更强;由于流体在盲通管产生涡旋现象,增加了颗粒能量的耗散,从而减小了进入下游管线颗粒的速率,使得颗粒更易积存于盲通段形成堆积层,减小了下游管段冲蚀速率。     

城市轨道交通突发大客流协同应急决策研究

为研究城市轨道交通突发大客流下的客流控制应急决策的制定与调整,对城市轨道交通客流特征进行分析,将协同矩阵与多目标规划理论运用到突发大客流下多车站协同客流控制应急决策研究中。在协同车站间路网拓扑结构的基础上,提出分别考虑各车站协同与不协同、协同车站加入或退出、协同车站评价标准变化等情况下,初始应急决策的制定与动态方案调整方法。研究结果表明:使用该方法能够表达城市轨道交通车站间协同作业的各种状态,实现突发客流冲击情况下的路网多车站动态协同应急决策的制定与动态调整,可为城市轨道交通网络化协同作业理论与方法的研究提供参考。     

长江流域主要干/支流水化学特征及外源酸的影响

为了探究人类活动对长江流域水化学特征的影响,本文以流域内主要干/支流代表断面的采样点为研究对象,分别于2016年丰水期和平水期采集地表水样各13组,通过离子比值法、主成分分析法和化学离子平衡计算法,综合分析水化学特征,并估算碳酸和外源酸参与碳酸盐岩的溶蚀比例.结果表明,水化学类型主要为HCO₃-Ca型,指示流域内水化学的主要影响因素为碳酸盐岩的溶解,在碳酸盐岩风化过程中,碳酸与碳酸盐岩的相对快速风化为主导反应.此外,丰水期和平水期各采样点碳酸溶蚀比例均值分别为60.33%和59.14%,不同采样点的溶蚀比例差值较大,指示外源酸对河流与岩石侵蚀风化过程的影响不容忽视,且阳离子交换对水化学有一定影响,但并不是主要的反应过程.与多年前水文监测初期的数据相比,硫酸和硝酸对岩石风化作用加强,人为因素对长江的水质影响增大.