Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders,Job Stressors and Gender Responses in Foundry Industry

The main aim of this paper was to identify job stressors, gender responses and association of psychosocial work stressors with prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among foundry workers. The data were obtained with ergonomics checklist using Likert scale. The results of this study showed a high prevalence of MSDs among workers. The male workers were more prone to pain in neck while the female workers were more prone to MSDs in upper back and shoulders. Correlation analysis showed significant relationship of dimensions of work aspects with pain and discomfort. It proved that the work-related MSDs are the results of interaction of multiple stressors associated with work and work environment, and other personal factors. ANOVA indicated that the perception of work aspects as stressors differed significantly between male and female workers.     

硫酸盐废水处理产电过程中的电子分流机制研究

为探讨废水中硫酸盐对微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电效能的影响,采用单室空气阴极MFC反应器处理模拟硫酸盐废水,并对硫酸盐的电子分流过程进行了监测。结果表明,在一定范围内,提高硫酸盐浓度能使MFC的稳定电压上升,电池持续时间延长,MFC输出功率增大。随着进水硫酸盐浓度提高,微生物产生的电子总量中,硫酸盐还原捕获的电子和通过外电路的电子所占的比例均下降,分别由12．54％和31．45％下降至7_32％和8．49％。研究表明,较低浓度硫酸盐能够提高MFC的电能输出功率,但由于硫酸盐的还原将消耗掉大量电子,进而降低MFC的库伦效率。     

Questioning the local: environmental regulation,shale gas extraction,and the politics of scale

ABSTRACT

The exploration and potential extraction of shale gas – better known as fracking – has emerged as one of the most contentious dimensions to local environmental politics in the UK. Local residents and environmental activists have raised concerns about health, noise, ground water contamination, seismicity, environmental amenity, and other impacts of the industry on communities. Despite the complexities of shale gas extraction, an emphasis on the local has shaped key dimensions of the debate around the appropriate location for well pads to the relative exclusion of other issues. This paper draws on fieldwork in Lancashire, UK, to reflect on the political construction of scale in order to explore how an emphasis on “the local” can restrict political debate over shale gas to narrow concerns with land-use planning thereby obviating a fuller engagement with wider questions concerning risk, energy policy, and climate change. It is concluded that a more nuanced conception of scale is necessary for understanding how concerns with shale gas are diminished rather than strengthened through the current planning policy and regulatory regime operating in the UK.     

生态系统服务时空演化的非线性影响因子——以钱塘江流域为例

为深入探究不同尺度、不同类别影响因素对不同类型生态系统服务的影响程度和复杂关系,本文测定了钱塘江流域7项生态系统服务的时空变化,并通过随机森林模型识别了各单项生态系统服务不同尺度自然环境因素和社会经济因素的影响程度和相对重要性,并评估了主导影响因素的边际效应.结果表明：2010~2017年,各单项生态系统服务在时空变化上具有明显的空间分异特征;不同类型生态系统服务受不同尺度自然环境因素和社会经济因素的共同影响,但其影响程度存在明显差异,格网尺度、自然环境因素的影响相对较大,建设用地、耕地及与其直接相关的社会经济因素的变化改变和塑造着生态系统服务的演化过程;主导影响因素与各单项生态系统服务之间存在复杂的非线性关系,各影响因素指标的变化对各年份生态系统服务具有非平稳的影响,如建设用地增加初期对多项生态系统服务的影响更为复杂和剧烈.     

深水导管架平台外加电流阴极保护优化设计Ⅰ:单座辅助阳极

目的 以南海某200 m深水导管架平台为原型,研究外加电流单座辅助阳极在静态和动态海水条件下的导管架阴极保护电位分布及其变化规律。方法 采用一定比例缩小的导管架模型,对其施加外加电流阴极保护,研究不同条件下的阴极保护电位分布,以及电位分布的变化规律。结果 辅助阳极距离导管架模型越远,模型整体的阴极保护越均匀,反之,则越不均匀。导管架距离辅助阳极最近的区域,阴极保护电流密度最大,易出现过保护风险,而平台内部屏蔽严重区域和距离辅助阳极较远的水面附近导管架结构,阴极保护电位负移程度最小,易出现欠保护风险,这2个典型区域应当是阴极保护监测的重点位置。在相同保护电流密度和保护距离下,从静态到动态转换时,整座导管架表面的电位均呈现上升趋势,电位差值更大,分布更不均匀。随着阴极保护时间的延长,代表沉积层形成质量和覆盖程度的表观电阻率Rsr呈现初期快速增加、后期缓慢升高的趋势。海水流动会导致沉积层变薄,甚至脱落,使得动态海水环境中Rsr较同时期静态环境下的小。结论 在导管架模型的一侧放置一套辅助阳极,可实现整个模型的有效阴极保护。     

甘南地区草畜平衡动态评估

过度放牧是导致草原退化和沙化的重要原因之一,草畜平衡管理是保障草原牧区可持续发展的关键。基于多时相遥感和畜牧业统计数据,以甘南地区为研究区,构建逐月草畜平衡动态评估的核算方法,探讨畜牧业生产管理过程中优化时空布局的必要性。主要结论如下：（1）基于产草量—饲草需求量—饲草存量动态关系的逐月核算方法实现了季节性的草畜平衡动态评估;（2）甘南地区的草畜平衡矛盾主要表现为家畜对牧草的稳定需求与天然牧草供给的季节性波动,逐月逐乡镇的饲草缺口核算为精准补饲提供科学依据;（3）州—县—乡尺度的草畜平衡状态表明甘南地区全域草量富富有余但部分县乡超载,揭示了跨行政边界的轮牧措施可以缓解因局地的季节性过载造成的草地退化。     

城市规模对生态效率的影响及区域差异分析

随着城市规模的不断扩大,城市住房紧张、交通拥堵、环境恶化等问题开始日益凸显,如何从生态视角找到适度的城市规模是我国新型城镇化建设中面临的一个重要问题。本文以中国2003-2013年281个地级市为研究对象,通过建立空间计量和门槛面板模型研究了城市规模对生态效率的影响及其区域差异,研究结果表明,中国城市生态效率整体呈现逐渐上升的趋势,且区域差异较大,溢出效应较为明显;城市规模对生态效率的影响呈现N型曲线的特征,且呈现显著的区间效应,根据门槛内生性分类结果发现,当城市规模低于54.48万人时,生态效率随城市规模的扩张不断增加;当城市规模大于54.48万低于337.22万人时,城市规模扩张对生态效率的促进作用较大,当城市规模超过337.22万人这一门槛值之后,促进作用开始显著减小,说明基于生态效率的最优城市规模为337.22万人左右;而产业结构、技术水平等都对城市生态效率有明显的促进作用。基于以上结论,各城市应加强环境合作,减少环境污染溢出;对于规模较小的城市,应该依托周边大中城市,争取产业合作,通过完善城市基础设施建设,进行户籍、土地等制度改革,促进城市规模的扩大;对于规模居中的城市,应该以节约资源、保护环境为前提,推进适度规模的城镇化,真正实现城市从"量"到"质"的转变;对于规模较大的城市,可以建立新城区或城市群,完善城市近郊及周边交通、教育等公共资源配置,充分发挥聚集和发散效应,有效缓解人口过于集中和环境恶化带来的压力。综上,不同规模的城市应采取不同措施提高生态效率,推进城市走集约、智能、绿色、低碳的新型城镇化道路。     

Conservation Success as a Function of Good Alignment of Social and Ecological Structures and Processes

How to create and adjust governing institutions so that they align (fit) with complex ecosystem processes and structures across scales is an issue of increasing concern in conservation. It is argued that lack of such social‐ecological fit makes governance and conservation difficult, yet progress in explicitly defining and rigorously testing what constitutes a good fit has been limited. We used a novel modeling approach and data from case studies of fishery and forest conservation to empirically test presumed relationships between conservation outcomes and certain patterns of alignment of social‐ecological interdependences. Our approach made it possible to analyze conservation outcome on a systems level while also providing information on how individual actors are positioned in the complex web of social‐ecological interdependencies. We found that when actors who shared resources were also socially linked, conservation at the level of the whole social‐ecological system was positively affected. When the scales at which individual actors used resources and the scale at which ecological resources were interconnected to other ecological resources were aligned through tightened feedback loops, conservation outcome was better than when they were not aligned. The analysis of individual actors’ positions in the web of social‐ecological interdependencies was helpful in understanding why a system has a certain level of social‐ecological fit. Results of analysis of positions showed that different actors contributed in very different ways to achieve a certain fit and revealed some underlying difference between the actors, for example in terms of actors’ varying rights to access and use different ecological resources. El Éxito de la Conservación como Función de una Buena Alineación de Estructuras y Procesos Sociales y Ecológicos     

GB/T 28001-2011新版标准核心要素的理解

GB/T 28000《职业健康安全管理体系》系列标准于2012年开始正式实施,新版标准中对术语、定义和核心要素内容进行了大量的修订,正确地理解和贯彻标准核心要素是应用标准进行企业职业健康安全管理的根本所在,对预防和降低风险,确保职业健康安全管理体系的有效运行有着十分重要的意义.为使组织满足新版标准要求,本文对GB/T 28001-2011《职业健康安全管理体系要求》中核心要素——4.3.1危险源辨识、风险评价和控制措施的确定在内容上进行对比分析,并结合作者在实际工作中的案例和相关的法律法规和其他要求进行阐述,在此基础上对4.3.1要素进行理解,可以使组织对新标准的掌握和应用达到事半功倍的效果.     

某输出缓冲器的失效分析

本文通过对某输出缓冲器在质量一致性检验中的ESD考核环节失效的情况进行分析,找到了产品测试系统的异常情况,通过此次分析,进一步发现该产品的ESD保护设计一直以来存在的问题。文中不仅给出了失效机理,同时提出了改进措施并加以验证。此次失效分析对于同类器件的ESD保护设计,提高其可靠性具有一定的借鉴意义。