机场飞机噪声自主验收监测难点与解决对策探讨

中国机场建设高速发展,但竣工环保验收制度执行不理想。在自主验收的大背景下,飞机噪声问题将直接制约机场建设项目的环保验收。笔者分析了验收监测布点要求不明确、验收监测工况要求不完善、飞机噪声监测计算方式不统一、降噪措施落实难效果差等自主验收难点,并提出了合理选择测点位置、完善验收工况调查内容、根据机场类型和敏感点分布特征选择飞机噪声监测计算方式以及智能化大数据协管主动降噪措施的解决对策。     

基于信息资源规划的流域水环境数据中心设计与实践

由于跨界和跨部门等原因导致的流域水环境数据信息标准不一,无法有效共享、综合利用等问题,是目前水环境信息使用过程中的主要问题之一.基于信息资源规划理论,充分调研水环境监测管理、政府规划与决策、科学技术研究和社会公众使用等对水环境监测信息的需求,以太湖流域为例,分析与水环境相关各种数据资源,研究流域水环境信息的数据体系及数据库体系,设计并建立流域水环境数据中心,初步完成太湖流域水环境数据的管理、分析及共享服务平台设计,为流域水环境监测信息综合管理做出了示范.     

重点污染行业环境统计准专家系统制作

以燃煤发电行业废气污染核算为例,介绍了环境统计准专家系统的制作原理。将环境统计专家的专业知识优势与先进的计算机技术结合,制作准专家系统辅助基层环境统计人员工作,可以提高环境统计数据质量。目前我国基层环境统计部门非常需要这种易用、相对准确的方式来辅助其工作,环境统计准专家系统为在当前我国国情下提高环境统计数据质量探索了一条低成本、易推广的道路。     

Environmental regulation and firms’ performance: a quasi-natural experiment from China

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates whether environmental regulation affects firm’s performance including productivity, wage and employment using firm-level data in 1996–2007. The identification uses Two Control Zones (TCZ) policy implemented by the Chinese government in 1998, in which tougher environmental regulations were imposed in TCZ cities but not others. By difference-in-differences estimation, we find that tougher environmental regulation leads to larger increase on both total factor productivity and wage, and firms tend to employ fewer workers under pressure of environmental protection. Heterogeneous tests show that the impacts are better for non-pollution intensive firms, non-exporters and SOEs. Finally, we find that R&D input and exiting firms among industry are the driving forces for enhancing TFP and increasing wage and unemployment.     

环境监测数据质量的影响因素与改进措施研究

提高环境监测数据公信力和权威性,可促进环境管理水平提升、加快推进生态文明建设,对打赢污染防治攻坚战、推动经济社会高质量发展都具有重要意义。本文通过环境监测分布点、采样质量、环境监测仪器、环境监测测试分析方法及环境监测工作人员等几方面因素分析对监测数据质量的影响,根据在实际工作中出现的情况,提出了相应的、有针对性的改进措施,主要从环境监测点位的确定应科学合理、加强实验材料及实验设备的管理、样品的采集与保存应规范明确、环境监测质量分析方法应充分合理及综合提高环境监测工作人员的综合素质等方面进行了阐述。     

卫星遥感数据在林火排放模型中的应用

火对大气中的温室气体和气溶胶的增加有显著影响,也是植被的一个主要干扰因子.利用精确卫星火产品对中国林火排放量进行量化计算,对于制定正确的减排战略具有参考意义.采用GBA2000的研究结果,分析了不同植被区的过火区分布情况.2000年中国林地上共有8 587个过火斑块,总面积为10 773 212 hm2,其中阔叶落叶林过火面积最大,为3 674 404 hm2;其次为阔叶常绿林,过火面积为1 141 402 hm2.林火排放计算模型采用各植被带平均生物量和燃烧系数估计火烧消耗的生物量和计算森林燃烧释放的温室气体量.我国2000年林火释放CO2 688 Tg,CO和CH4分别为57 Tg和4 Tg.计算精度取决于森林火灾面积、土地类型图、燃烧效率和排放因子.由于采用的卫星火产品没有对中国区域进行精度评估,据此统计的森林过火区有误差.如果采用更精确的卫星遥感数据,将提高林火释放模型的计算精度.     

采油厂生产巡检在线信息管理系统

介绍了采油厂生产巡检在线信息管理系统的依托技术、管理网络、硬件构成、软件组成、试验情况和应用效果.该系统依托GPS和GIS等技术,采用了B/S结构、JAVA/JSP技术,能够准确及时显示巡检员的巡检路径,巡检结果从网上数据报表和电子地图及时看到,实现了实时监控,保障了油(水)井安全生产.     

浅析进口原油安全技术说明书

以原油这一具有危险品属性的战略物资作为研究对象,分析各国对原油进行MSDS登记的现状,对多种进口原油安全技术说明书进行分类归纳.介绍各国在危险品分类、健康环保、职业防护等多方面开展的工作,对照比较国内相应法规和标准体系,以期对我国石油产品安全技术说明书的编写工作有所助益.对进口原油中的有害物质组分依照职业卫生标准,进行了归纳,实现健康危险限值的快速核定.为我国进一步推行GHS制度,完善构建合理的危险化学品管理、法规、执行体系,在安全技术说观书这一领域提出相关建议.     

Safety assessment of automated vehicles: how to determine whether we have collected enough field data?

Abstract

Objective: The amount of collected field data from naturalistic driving studies is quickly increasing. The data are used for, among others, developing automated driving technologies (such as crash avoidance systems), studying driver interaction with such technologies, and gaining insights into the variety of scenarios in real-world traffic. Because data collection is time consuming and requires high investments and resources, questions like “Do we have enough data?,” “How much more information can we gain when obtaining more data?,” and “How far are we from obtaining completeness?” are highly relevant. In fact, deducing safety claims based on collected data—for example, through testing scenarios based on collected data—requires knowledge about the degree of completeness of the data used. We propose a method for quantifying the completeness of the so-called activities in a data set. This enables us to partly answer the aforementioned questions.

Method: In this article, the (traffic) data are interpreted as a sequence of different so-called scenarios that can be grouped into a finite set of scenario classes. The building blocks of scenarios are the activities. For every activity, there exists a parameterization that encodes all information in the data of each recorded activity. For each type of activity, we estimate a probability density function (pdf) of the associated parameters. Our proposed method quantifies the degree of completeness of a data set using the estimated pdfs.

Results: To illustrate the proposed method, 2 different case studies are presented. First, a case study with an artificial data set, of which the underlying pdfs are known, is carried out to illustrate that the proposed method correctly quantifies the completeness of the activities. Next, a case study with real-world data is performed to quantify the degree of completeness of the acquired data for which the true pdfs are unknown.

Conclusion: The presented case studies illustrate that the proposed method is able to quantify the degree of completeness of a small set of field data and can be used to deduce whether sufficient data have been collected for the purpose of the field study. Future work will focus on applying the proposed method to larger data sets. The proposed method will be used to evaluate the level of completeness of the data collection on Singaporean roads, aimed at defining relevant test cases for the autonomous vehicle road approval procedure that is being developed in Singapore.     

Exploring the determinants for adopting water conservation measures. What is the tendency of landowners when the resource is already at risk?

In Finland, the current water conservation policy sets equal incentives for water conservation, regardless of the environmental condition. Before any policy reform, it is vital to investigate the tendency of landowners to adopt water conservation measures. In this study, we were interested in examining adoption if the soil quality implies a high leaching risk and if the water quality is already poor. By combining survey data with GIS data, we analysed the effect of farm and farmer characteristics and attitudes towards adoption. Our probit models indicated that financial variables were the key determinants of adoption for active farmers, whereas for passive owners, adoption was also explained by attitudes. In contrast to our expectations, adoption in areas under risk was weakly supported by our estimates. Environmental awareness, providing it increases with risk, is not strong enough to motivate adoption. Targeted agri-environmental measures, even though costly, cannot be avoided, and spatially tailored measures can attract adopters in hotspot areas.